Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Protein Synthesis steps (6) |
1. DNA double Helix 2. DNA coding strand 3. Codons of mRNA from AUG to UGA 4. Anticodons of tRNA 5. Amino acids 6. Peptide |
|
|
Nucleotide Transfer: come back |
asdf me :( |
|
|
Extracellular Materials (outside) 3 groups |
Body fluids Cell secretions Extracellular matrix |
|
|
Types of body fluids: |
interstitial fluid cerebrospinal fluid blood plasma |
|
|
What are body fluids important for? |
Transporting materials Dissolving materials for efficient use. |
|
|
What are cellular secretions? |
materials produced by cell.
|
|
|
What are the 3 types of cellular secretions? What do they do? |
bile salts = aid in digestion mucous = lubricant hormones = oxytocin |
|
|
What is the extra cellular matrix? |
Materials which support and surround cells.
most abundant of the extracellular materials.
composed of fluid, proteins and polysaccharides.
in all connective tissue. |
|
|
What are tissues? |
Groups of cells that are specialized to perform a function. |
|
|
What are the 4 major types of tissues? |
Epithelial (ET)- covering. Connective - support Muscle - movement Nervous - control
|
|
|
What are the 2 types of Epithelial Tissue (ET)? |
A covering and lining epithelium
glandular epithelium |
|
|
What is Covering and lining epithelium? |
Tissue that covers body surfaces and lines body cavities. |
|
|
What are the 6 functions of the Covering and lining epithelium? |
1. protection (main) 2. absorption 3. filtration 4. excretion 5. surface for transport 6. sensory functions (taste/smell) |
|
|
What is glandular epithelium? |
specialized to produce and secrete various substances into body fluids. |
|
|
How to distinguish Epithelium from other tissues? (6) |
1. Cellularity (nearly all cells w/out space) 2. Specialized contacts (tight junctions, desmosomes) 3. Polarity (always has 1 free surface to exterior or cavity) 4. Avascularity (no blood) 5. basement membrane (where et rests) 6. Regeneration |
|
|
What is the basement layer? What is its 2 layers. |
2 layers of thin non-living material - basal lamina - reticular lamina |
|
|
Types of epithelial tissue cells |
Cell shapes: squamous, cuboidal columnar
Classes of Epithelium: simple, pseudo columnar, stratified. |
|
|
What is squamous? |
flat cells |
|
|
What is cuboidal? |
shaped like little cubes. |
|
|
What is columnar? |
long and skinny! |
|
|
When talking about epithelia what is the difference between simple and stratified? |
simple = 1 layer stratified = 2 or more layers. |
|
|
What 4 functions does simple epithelium have? |
1. absorption 2. secretion 3. diffusion 4. filtration |
|
|
What are some of the things simple cuboidal epithelium can do? |
They are a single row of cube shaped cells w/ microvilli.
- absorption and secretion, mucus production
- found in liver, thyroid, mammary, salvary glands etc. |
|
|
What are some of the things that simple squamous epithelium do? |
It is a single row of flat cells that permit diffusion of substances. They secrete serous fluid.
Found in the alveoli, glomeruli and endothelium. |
|
|
What are cuboidal epitheluim? |
cells shaped like little cubes, single row of cube shaped cells. |
|
|
What are stratified epithelium for? |
They usually are for protection.
This is because they have several layers and are thicker and stronger than simple epithelium. |
|
|
What are the 4 different types of stratified epithelium? |
1. stratified squamous 2. stratified cuboidal 3. stratified columnar 4. transitional |
|
|
What is transitional stratified epithelium? |
Basically meant to handle changes in tenssion. For example bladder. |
|
|
What is the difference between simple epithelia and stratified epithelia. |
This has more than one layer of cells. Simple has only one. |
|
|
The second type of epithelial tissue is glandular. What does this do? |
Gland = 1 or more glandular epithelium cells produce and secrete secretion. cells usually columnar or cuboidal |
|
|
What are general functions of glandular epithelial tissue? |
- Obtain raw materials from blood - Transform materials into secretion into rough ER - secretion packaged by golgi apparatus - released from cell by exocytosis |
|
|
what are the two types of gland classifications? |
Endocrine Exocrine |
|
|
What is an endocrine gland? |
ductless gland that secretes directly into extracellular space. |
|
|
What is an exocrine gland? |
secretes into ducts that open into internal or external surface. Sweat/Oil/Salivate etc. |
|
|
What are the 2 types of exocrine glands. Why are they this way? |
simple gland: un branched duct
compound gland: duct with branches! |
|
|
What is a multiceullular exocrine gland? |
most common type, this is mostly sweat glands. |
|
|
What is a holocrine gland? |
is multi-cellular exocrine gland that ruptures. LIke a sebaccous cyst. |
|
|
What is an apocrine gland? |
Mammary glands. |
|
|
What is the general structure of connective tissue? |
Has few cells. Lots of matrix. |
|
|
What does the quality of the matrix determine? |
The quality of the tissue that it is made out of. |
|
|
Matrix Hard makes what tissue? |
bone |
|
|
Matrix flexible and rope like makes what tissue? |
Dense CT, ligament. |
|
|
Matrix fluid makes what tissue? |
Blood! |
|
|
The extra cellular matrix consists of a g____ matrix and f_____s. |
ground matrix and fibers |
|
|
What is the ground substance of an extra cellular matrix? |
unstructured material made of fluids and proteins. |
|
|
What are the 3 fibers in the ground matrix? |
1. collagen (thick fibers) major... (thick and long) 2. Elastic 3. Reticular (very thin collagen) "immature" |
|
|
Each class of materials has mature and immature form. What are the suffixes... |
...blast = immature! ...cyte = mature! |
|
|
What is a mast cell? |
large oval cells that detect foreign substances. trigger inflamation response. |
