Lecture 2-3

Front 1

What is physical geology?

Back 1

examination of the materials composing Earth and seeks to understand the many processes to operate beneath and on the surface

Front 2

What is historical geology?

Back 2

seeks an understanding of the origin of Earth and its development through time

Front 3

What are neutrons?

Back 3

in the nucleus, no charge (neutral)

Front 4

What is an element?

Back 4

A substance that can't be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means and still retain properties of that element

Front 5

What is a proton?

Back 5

positive charge in nucleus

Front 6

high speed electrons

Back 6

outside the nucleus, negatively charged

Front 7

number of protons is the same number of

Back 7

electrons

Front 8

the atomic number is the number of what?

Back 8

number of protons in the nucleus

Front 9

what is the mass number?

Back 9

the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

Front 10

what is atomic bonding? what does it create?

Back 10

when elements work to fill their outer shell by losing, gaining, or sharing electrons. Bonding creates electrically neutral compounds.

Front 11

what is ionic bonding?

Back 11

when atoms lose or gain electrons to complete their outer shell

Front 12

what is covalent bonding?

Back 12

when atoms share electrons to complete their outer shell.

Front 13

organic compounds? what are the main organic compounds?

Back 13

is composed of atoms, in long CHAINS AND RINGS. they are the building blocks of everything.
mainly: C O H N ie cellulose, protein, and amino acid

Front 14

inorganic compounds?

Back 14

composed of atoms are arranged in REPETITIVE GEOMETRIC PATTERNS.

Front 15

What are the properties of a mineral?

Back 15

1. naturally occuring (formed naturally not human)

2. inorganic (not made from plants/animals except shell) Ie rock salt halite. Not Alive

3. Solid (water is not a mineral but ice is) ie sand quartz

4. definite chemical composition - consistent across all specimens

5. orderly crystal structure - 3D framework of elements seen in chemical formula reflection of atomic bonding.

Front 16

most commonly mined silicate mineral?

Back 16

quartz sand to make glass and sand and gravel to make concrete (aggregate)

Front 17

Native Elements

Back 17

Native Gold, (AU)
Native Copper (CU)
most economically valuable and less common minerals.

Front 18

Oxide and Sulfides

Back 18

magenite and galena - relatively high concentrations of useful metals and are less expensive to process for extraction

Front 19

Rocks

Back 19

Lithified (hardened) aggregates of minerals ie granite and marble

Front 20

igneous rocks

Back 20

rocks that form by cooling and solidifying of molten rock material.

Front 21

LAVA

Back 21

molten rock at earth's SURFACE

Front 22

MAGMA

Back 22

molten rock INSIDE the earth. it's less dense than its solid equivalent so it tends to rise to the Earth's surface.

Front 23

how does liquid water turn to ice?

Back 23

it crystallizes (freezes) to ice at 0C 32F

Front 24

LAVA cooling on the Earth's surface forms what?

Back 24

EXTRUSIVE or Volcanic igneous rocks

Front 25

fast cooling of LAVA results in what kind of crystals?

Back 25

small mineral crystals.

Front 26

MAGMA cools to form what? intrusive or extrusive rocks?

Back 26

cools to form INTRUSIVE or plutonic rocks

Front 27

slow cooling of MAGMA forms what?

Back 27

large visible crystals of different minerals.

Front 28

are rocks made up of one or many minerals?

Back 28

many minerals form this. if you break down Quartz it's not quartz anymore.

Front 29

Intrusive?

Back 29

magma

Front 30

Extrusive?

Back 30

lava

Front 31

Sedimentary rocks

Back 31

weathering rocks, Surface.

Front 32

Metamorphic rocks

Back 32

altered by temperature.

Front 33

Earth's core is made up of what?

Back 33

Solid, almsot all iron and nickle

Front 34

Outter Earth crust?

Back 34

made up of molten magma and goeey.

Front 35

silicate minerals --- valuable?

Back 35

not typically because
1.) low concentration of desirable elements compared to other less common minerals.
2) require lots of energy to extract useful element.s

Front 36

native minerals -- valuable?

Back 36

yes,

most economically valuable minerals and less common.
Contain high concentrations of useful metals and are less expensive to
process for extraction

Front 37

oxides and sulfides --- valuable?

Back 37

yes

Relatively high concentrations of
useful metals and are less expensive
to process for extraction.
Waste material can pose
environmental issues.

Front 38

Why are plutonic igneous rocks so commonly seen at the Earth’s
Surface? Example in riverside?

Back 38

because they uplift and cause erosion. IE BOX SPRINGS MOUNTAIN : Uplifted, granite intrusive. uplifted by movement of the San Andreas fault over the last million years.

Front 39

Igeneus rock formation

Back 39

Small to very large sheet like zones of mineralization formed
by hydrothermal fluids (veins) or igneous intrusions (pegmatites)

Front 40

Sediment

Back 40

loose particles formed by weathering and erosion

Front 41

Weathering Agents act to

Back 41

break rocks down: Water Wind Ice

Front 42

Physical Weathering -

Back 42

disintegration or breakdown of rock ever smaller fragments

Front 43

Chemical Weathering -

Back 43

dissolution of rocks into their primary ions

Front 44

Erosion

Back 44

- the breakdown and removal of rock material

Front 45

Sandstone

Back 45

Sedimentary Rock.
-composed of hardened sand
mainly large, visible grains of QUARTZ AND FELDSPAR

Front 46

Shale

Back 46

Sedimentary Rock.
-hardened mud, made up mainly of microscopic clay mineral grains (sheet-like silicates)

Front 47

Limestone

Back 47

composed of shells of dead marine organisms
mainly made of the carbonate mineral CALCITE

Front 48

Uniformitarianism

Back 48

Fundamental Principal of Geology
- geologic processes acting on Earth today are the same as those in
the past

Front 49

Metamorphic Rocks?

Back 49

Rocks that have undergone changes to their physical or chemical structure following
their formation

Front 50

Protolith

Back 50

- “Parent Rock” - rock before metamorphism

Front 51

Rock Cycle

Back 51

All earth materials are constantly being
transformed between igneous,
sedimentary and metamorphic states.

Rocks form, move tectonically, and
are recycled many times over

Front 52

an example of a mineral that formed only at one specific time in history

Back 52

the Archean and Proterozoic Eons

Front 53

Earth's Crust

Back 53

less than 1% of earths mass
most important to us, mineral wise.
* continental crust: thick, mostly granite
*oceanic crust: Thin, mostly basalt and more iron and mangnese

both high in silica

Front 54

Earth's mantle

Back 54

82% of Earth’s volume; Iron and Magnesium rich - 5.6 g/cc

Front 55

Earth's Core

Back 55

Iron/Nickel outer liquid layer surrounding inner solid core

Front 56

Plate Tectonics

Back 56

Earth's crust is broken up into many tectonic plates that are not static and constantly move

Front 57

Mantle Convection

Back 57

circulation of hot, plastic mantle rock rising towards the crust
due to lower density.
Transfers heat from deep in the Earth to the surface
Drives plate tectonic motion

Front 58

Plate Tectonic
Divergent Boundary

Back 58

two plates moving apart - forms new oceanic crust

Front 59

Plate Tectonic
Convergent Boundary

Back 59

two plates colliding - recycles oceanic crust in the mantle (subduction)
- occurs rapidly, means all ocean crust
- or forms mountains

Front 60

Platetectonic
Transform boundaries IE?

Back 60

two plates sliding past one another
A local Transform Boundary
The San Andreas fault is a transform
plate boundary.

Front 61

Mineral resources -

Back 61

deposits of rocks that are naturally enriched enough in valuable minerals that we
can profitably mine them now or in the foreseeable future.

Front 62

Metallic mineral resources:

Back 62

Abundant metals: iron (Fe), aluminum (Al)

Front 63

Scarce metals

Back 63

gold (Au), copper (Cu)
- Valued for their content of a particular metal.
- Metal generally needs to be seperated by breaking the chemical bonds in the mineral structure.

Front 64

Non-metallic mineral resources:

Back 64

Industrial minerals - used as additives, fillers, chemicals and fertilizers - Rutile (TiO2), clay, calcite
Building materials - minerals and rocks used in cement, concrete, drywall - Sand, gravel, gypsum
Typically used whole with minimal processing

Front 65

Energy Resources

Back 65

Geologic deposits of rocks and fossils that can be used to generate energy
Fossil fuels - Coal, Oil, Natural Gas - remains of buried plants and animals
Nuclear fuels - radioactive elements that generate heat as they decay (uranium, thorium)
Geothermal resources - hot water/steam generated below Earth’s surface
Hydroelectric power - turbines powered by rivers and tides
Solar energy - use of sunlight to heat water or create electricity.
Biofuels/Biomass - burning of animal/plant waste to generate heat and electricity

Front 66

what are the two most common elements int he Earth's crust?

Back 66

Silica and Oxygen

Front 67

Divergent boundaries often deposit which elements?

Back 67

lead zinc and copper

Front 68

T/F most economic concentrations of resources mined today are found at the earth's surface?

Back 68

false, found in the earth's crust.