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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the characteristics of allergic diseases? |
1.IgE binds to mast cells 2.Crossing linking IgE by antigen, results in mast cell activation 3.Re-exposure to antigen activates kinases and intracellular Ca2+ → degranulation 4. Histamine released from granules Prostaglandins released from cytoplasm
5. Allergic Asthma: smoothmuscle constriction, airway wall swelling(oedema),↑mucus secretion, infiltration by leukocytes 6. Rolling Leukocytes 7.Mast cell mediators activate endothelium 8.Selectins expressed on cell surface→allow rolling 9.Cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs)→allow stationary binding |
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What are Atopy individuals? |
the tendency to produce larger amounts of IgE |
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What are the 6 Strategies for treatment for allergic diseases? |
1. Prevent original sensitisation (impractical) 2.Avoid allergens (impractical) 3.↓ mast cell mediator release
4.Decrease actions of mast cell products 5.Prevent IgE binding to mast cells 6. Prevent rolling |
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What drug can be used to ↓ mast cell mediator release? |
disodium cromoglycate |
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What drug can be used to decrease actions of mast cell products? |
anti-histamines |
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What drug can be used to prevent IgE binding to mastcells? |
omaluzimab |
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What drug can be used to prevent rolling? |
Natalizumab |
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What is omaluzimab, including administration, mechanism what it can be used for and adverse effects. |
A humanised murine monoclonalantibody Administered subcutaneously Mechanism: binds Fc portion of IgE t, and preventIgE binding to α chain to FcεR1. As a result reduce serum IgE! Used for: ↓ asthma symptoms/fewer exacerbations ↓allergic rhinitis (hayfever) symptoms More effective in children than adults Adverse effects: few and mild! |
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What does Natalizumab target, including the mechanism. |
Natalizumab targets integrins It is a humanised Mab that is againstα4β1 co-ligand for VCAM and fibronectin This will ↓ leukocyte entry to CNS Indicated for Multiple sclerosis ↑incidence of progressive multifocal leukencephaly |
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What are the mechanism of Rheumatoid arthritis(autoimmune disease) |
1.IgG targeted against citrullinated proteins 2.Increased connective tissue 3.Decreased bone mass! |
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What are the symptoms for Rheumatoid arthritis? |
swelling, reddening,pain |
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What drug can be used to treat Rheumatoid arthritis? |
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatorydrugs (NSAIDs) |
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What is NSAIDs effective for? |
Pain and swelling |
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What are the 2 possible side effects of NSAIDs? |
1. Loss beneficial effects of prostaglandins, contribute to disease progression 2. Induce stomach ulcers |
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What is an example of celecoxib, and what are the benefits and side effects? |
Celecoxib Benefit:selective compounds are less likely to induce ulcers Side effect:increases risk of myocardial infarction! |
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Remember it ^__^ |
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What is graft rejection? |
Antigen specific T & B lymphocytes ↑number and activity →antibody &lymphocytes attack graft |
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Is graft rejection persistent? |
Yes, with severe adverse effects, including increase chance of cancer of inflammation |
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What can be used to treat graft rejection? |
Cyclosporin, a natural product. Can cause renal failure( severe side effect) |
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What is the mechanism of Cyclosporin? |
Inhibition of Activation of calcineurin →↓production of IL-2 →↓lymphocytes proliferation |
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What is the difference between menarche and menopause? |
MENARCHE: onset of first menstruation MENOPAUSE: cessation of menstruation |
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What can oestrogen be used for? |
Prevent action of LSH via negativefeedback |
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What is an example of synthetic oestrogen? |
ethinyloestradiol |
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What can progestrone be used for? |
Intermittently prevents action of LH! |
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What are 2 examples of synthesised progesterone? |
norethisterone drospirenone |
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What are the 3 kinds of drugs being used for contraception? |
1. Combined preparations(COCs) 2. Sequential preparations 3. Progesterone -only oralpreparations (Mini-pill) |
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What is Combined preparations? |
Mixture of oestrogen andProgesterone in afixed ratio of doses |
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What are the benefits of combined preparations? |
1.↓risk of endometrial cancer 2.↓ incidence of ovarian cancer and ovarian cyst formation 3.↓risk of colorectal cancer 4.Protective effect on benign breast tumours ↓risk of bone fractures 5.↓dysmenorrhoea and menorrhagia (and therefore protection against iron deficiency anaemia) |
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What is Sequential preparations? |
Ratio of doses varies to correspond approximately to changes in endogenous oestrogen andProgesterone. |
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What is Progesterone -only oralpreparations (Mini-pill)? |
When oestrogens are contraindicated – least effective of OCs, may be used by lactating women(breast feeding). |
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What are some adverse effects of oral contraceptive drugs? |
1. hypertension 2.Venous Thromboembolism! • Breast, cervical and uterine cancer associated with oestrogen • Increased incidence of endometrial carcino ma is diminished when a progestogenis given concurrently to women with an intact uterus! |
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What are the 3 other forms of contraception? |
1. Vaginal ring 2. Progestogen-Only Contraceptives 3. morning after pill |
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What are 5 distinct features of CNS synapse? |
1.Single neurons synapse with several thousand neurons post-juntionally 2.Synapses are excitatory or inhibitory - never both 3.Many classes of neurotransmitters are stores and released 4.Neurotransmitters can be excitatory or inhibitory depending on the receptor(i.e.serotonin can be excitatory or inhibitory depending on the receptor) 5.Drugs affecting the CNS must be able to cross the blood brain barrier in order toexert their effects |
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What is the general mechanism of short term memory? |
Involves changing the effectiveness of synapse. ( strengthening or weakening of synapse) In other words, either less or more neurotransmitter is released from a synapse or synapses following a repeated stimulus. |
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What is the general mechanism of long term memory? |
Involves protein synthesis → formation of new dendritic ‘spines’ (increased SA), formation of newsynapses |
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What drug can be used to increases synaptic concentration of Dopamine andNoradrenaline by blocking their re-uptake. |
Methylphenidate (Ritalin) |
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What are 2 molecular basis of long-term memory? |
1. phosphorylation to keep protein synthesis stay on 2.CREB protein |
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What are 3 uses of Ritalin? |
1.Treat ADHD: decreased activity in the brain centres critical to concentration and goal-directed activity. 2.↑in brain glucose metabolism during performance of a cognitive task by about 50%. 3.Fine-tunes调整 the functioning of neurons in the prefrontal cortex (region involved in attention,decision-making and impulse control) while havingfew effects outside it. |
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What drug can be used to mediate ACh and α1- adrenoceptor activity? |
Modafinil (Provigil) Increases levels of dopamine and noradrenaline!• Activates glutamatergic circuits while inhibiting GABAnergic neurotransmission!• Synergistic effects lead to arousal effects! ! ! ! ! ! ! |
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How does prodigal work? |
1.Increases levels of dopamine and noradrenaline 2.Activates glutamatergic circuits while inhibiting GABAnergic neurotransmission 3.Synergistic effects lead to arousal effects |
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What is major depression disorder? |
Sustained depressed mood (at least two weeks) resulting indecreased energy low-self esteem inability to concentrate and sleep disturbances Suicidal thoughts and tendencies are common Often associated with anxiety disorders No manic episodes(狂躁症） |
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What are the three ways to treat major depression disorder? |
1. Tricyclic antidepression 2.Selective serotonin Re-uptake inhibitors 3. Reversible MAO A inhibitors |
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What is an example of tricyclic antidepression? |
Amitriptyline |
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How does amitriptyline work? including what it inhibits, the receptors it work on and side effects. |
Inhibitors of neuronal uptake of noradrenaline and serotonin Antagonists at α1-adrenoceptors, muscarinic receptors Severe side effect, including: anti-cholinergic, cardivascular, central nervous system, weight gain |
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What is an example of selective serotonin Re-uptake inhibitors? |
Fluoxetine |
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What are some characteristics of Fluoxetine? including side effects. |
High therapeutic index – minimal toxicity in overdose unless combined with other drugs Side effects: insomnia, sexual dysfunction, GIT disturbances, restlessness |
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What is an example of reversible monoamine oxidase A inhibitors? |
Moclobemide |
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How is moclobemide developed, what is the mechanism and side effects. |
Originallydevelopedfromtheanti-TBdrugisoniazid. Mechanism: Increaseclevels of noradrenaline, 5-HT & dopamine Side effects: dizziness, nausea, insomnia.! |
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What is Bipolar Affective Disorder? |
swings of mood from extreme elation and hyperexcitability (at least one week) to extreme melancholia精神抑郁 and withdrawal Depressive periods are more frequent than the periods of elevated mood |
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What treatment can be used to treat bipolar affective disorder? |
Lithium Carbonate, mood stabiliser |
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What are some characteristics of lithium carbonate? including side effects |
Very low therapeutic index (2-3): plasma levels must be monitored very regularly,otherwise serious toxicity may result Side effects: renal, thyroid, neurological |
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How are initial and current views of affective disorder drugs different? |
Initial View: tricyclics and MAO inhibitors were effective in depression through increasing availability of noradrenaline and serotonin in the CNS Current View: adaptive changes in receptors are more important in the mechanismof action of antidepressant • Reduction in α1-adrenoceptor sensitivity or numbers • Desensitization of 5-HT2 receptors and β2-adrenoceptors |
