Lecture 19

Front 1

Fossil fuels consumption in energy what percent?

Back 1

85%

Front 2

nuclear energy consumption what percent?

Back 2

8%

Front 3

renewable energy consumption ?%

Back 3

8%

Front 4

renewable energy- break down

Back 4

hydropower - 42%
Biofuel 48%
geothermal 5%

Front 5

biofuel

Back 5

○ Wood, animal/plant waste, ethanol carbon neutral agricultural land use fertilizer. -- growing in the last few generations of humans. Carbon dioxide goes back in.
§ Draw backs : land use, not enough land on planet to sustain.

Front 6

GEOTHERmal

Back 6

Heat, humans have used Earth's heat at hot springs for at least 10,000 years bathing and cooking.


There is a continuous outward flow (flux) of heat from the Earth's interior.

Front 7

Primordial heat

Back 7

- residual heat from when Earth formed.

Front 8

2. Heat produced by spontaneous _________________; especially in the crust: Ex 238U = Ba + Kr + neutrons + energy (heat).

Back 8

spontaneous radioactive decay

Front 9

Geo thermal ________ associated with modern or recent volcanism eruptions within the last few millions years.

Back 9

ANOMALIES

Front 10

Evidence of hot rock at depth include:
  

Back 10

  mud pots
hot springs
geysers

Front 11

Geothermal heat pump

Back 11

, heating, cooling domestic hot water ground loop plastic pipe in drill hole.

Front 12

San Bernardino City Hall heated by

Back 12

low-temp geothermal fluids pumped from San Andreas fault zone.

Front 13

High Temp

Back 13

Water/steam >150 degree celsius

Front 14

geothermal

Back 14

Used mainly for electrical power generation, generate steam to run turbines.

Front 15

Geothermal field

Back 15

high temp, geo anomaly where geothermal energy is extracted.

Front 16

Geo thermal energy is a local resource--why?

Back 16

Steam cannot be transported

Front 17

world leaders of geothermal energy?

Back 17

US leads world production of geothermal energy ~50Z% world total Enough elctricity for 2 million homes.
- iceland they have geo thermal energy, cheap electrcity.
-The philippines
mexico
New zealand

Front 18

Geothermal power plants are relatively big or small?

Back 18

smal: 10-100 megawatts. compared to

Coal and nuclear power plants 500-2000 megawatt

Front 19

Power plant Online record. -

Back 19

geothermal 90 (time availability), coal 75, nuclear 65.

Front 20

Geothermal areas

Back 20

Associated with volcanoes, we need hot material magma surface.
many geothermal anomalies are in volcanic areas ex yellowstone, mono lake, crater lake.
commercial development meets great public resistance.

Front 21

geothermal energy - local ground water

Back 21

Local groudn water may be affected by fluid extraction.

Ground subsidence due to fluid extraction. Subsidence; water that's under ground steam is taking up some physical space. Water can help support land surface. Ground surface could sink without water.

Front 22

solar energy % 1 ○________ of sunlight reach the Earth every year. = 180 watts per each square meter of Earth's surface.

Back 22

4 X 10^24 joules of sunlight

Front 23

_____ of solar energy energy collected in an ares 1/5 ithe size of CA would generate.

Back 23

20%

Front 24

Thermal - low quality?

Back 24

Low quality solar energy

§ Collecting unfocussed solar energy Temps < 100 degree celsius space heating water heating ~50% efficient.


solar heat is collected and used to heat spaces or generate electricity.

Front 25

Thermal - Initial investment is

Back 25

high, long time period of use required for economic energy savings.

Front 26

Most thermal systems are Imported. why?

Back 26

Not much choice from domestic

Front 27

High Quality Thermal :

Back 27

§ Focuses solar energy using mirrors Temps > 100 degree C
Solar II tower, Barstow CA


§ Array of computer-controlled mirrors focus light on a tower filled with liquid sodium metal 1,000C

Front 28

Enough electricity for ______ homes 20% efficient.

Back 28

Enough electricity for 10,000 homes 20% efficient.

High quality fields require transmission lines

Front 29

○ LUZ facility, kramer junction CA highway 395

Back 29

Computer-controlled paraboic mirrors made to center on that light focus sunglihgt on tubes oil.

Front 30

Photovoltaic (solar) cells

Back 30

directly convert light energy into electricity.

Front 31

Silicon semiconductors, efficient?

Back 31

transfer energy, inefficient. Need rare earths added. 20% efficienceis. Modern tech origninally a few percent efficiency.

Front 32

>50% efficiencies solar cells would become a significant electricity source. why?

Back 32

Solar cell prices are coming down and manufacturing is increasing. Price = $2-4 per watt generated.

Front 33

US exports of thermal energy

Back 33

US exports are increasing, japan and germany have increased demand.

Front 34

wind 4%

Back 34

Turns turbines to generate electricity

Front 35

energy alternative Tax credits --

Back 35

keeps al ot of alternative energy affordable to begin with. ( if you buy solar panels you can get a rebate from gov).

Front 36

1980 Win Energy Systems Act

Back 36

tax credits to stimulate wind energy development.

Front 37

Leading global producers:

Back 37

Leading global producers: US Denmark Germany.

Front 38

first wind farm

Back 38

"wind farms" 1981 first commercial farm NH.

Front 39

____ state has most US production 1% of electrical production.

Back 39

CA

Front 40

Tehachpi Mountains.

Back 40

4500 turnbines. 500 million kilowatt hours huge number. Enough for Antelope Valley (200,000 ppl) that's not a lot

Front 41

Turbines are most efficient at wind speeds of _______ Generate 100-3600 kilowatts each. CA wind power would run a city the size of SF.

Back 41

20-40 mph

Front 42

Enviro concerns of wind energy

Back 42

Noise, bird deaths, 1-2 bird killed per year per machine. Some farms have moved turnbines away from areas favored by raptors.

Front 43

pros cons of wind energy

Back 43

No direct carbon emissions
Wind and weather are erradic.
§ Optimistic forecasts state wind could supply 20% of US electrical needs by 2030.

Front 44

Fuel Cells h2 -- efficient?

Back 44

Efficient - far less heat produced compared to internal combustian engine. Not a battery.

Front 45

fuel cell vs battery

Back 45

Lighter than traditional batteries

Front 46

Tehachpi Mountains.

Back 46

4500 turnbines. 500 million kilowatt hours huge number. Enough for Antelope Valley (200,000 ppl) that's not a lot

Front 47

Making H2 gas fuel from water takes _____

Back 47

electricity

Front 48

Turbines are most efficient at wind speeds of _______ Generate 100-3600 kilowatts each. CA wind power would run a city the size of SF.

Back 48

20-40 mph

Front 49

______________can be converted to H2- passing the buck?

Back 49

fossil fuel oil

Front 50

Enviro concerns of wind energy

Back 50

Noise, bird deaths, 1-2 bird killed per year per machine. Some farms have moved turnbines away from areas favored by raptors.

Front 51

Storage and transport of H2 is cheap ? expensive?
other problems with H2

Back 51

Need PGE catalysts for hydrogen. Expensive catalysts.

• H2 gas requires much more storage volume rleative to liquid fuels low energy density.

Front 52

pros cons of wind energy

Back 52

No direct carbon emissions
Wind and weather are erradic.
§ Optimistic forecasts state wind could supply 20% of US electrical needs by 2030.

Front 53

Fuel Cells h2 -- efficient?

Back 53

Efficient - far less heat produced compared to internal combustian engine. Not a battery.

Front 54

fuel cell vs battery

Back 54

Lighter than traditional batteries

Front 55

Making H2 gas fuel from water takes _____

Back 55

electricity

Front 56

______________can be converted to H2- passing the buck?

Back 56

fossil fuel oil

Front 57

Storage and transport of H2 is cheap ? expensive?
other problems with H2

Back 57

Need PGE catalysts for hydrogen. Expensive catalysts.

• H2 gas requires much more storage volume rleative to liquid fuels low energy density.