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129 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the origin of the term vaccine?
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root word "vacca" is Latin for cow
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naturally acquired immunity
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acquisition of adaptive immunity through natural events
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artificially acquired immunity
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acquisition of adaptive immunity through immunization
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2 parts of natural/artificial immunity
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active immunity
passive immunity |
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What does active immunity result from?
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immune response upon exposure to an antigen
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Active immunity can develop naturally following _____.
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illness
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Active immunity can develop artificially following _____.
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immunization
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Passive immunity occurs naturally following _____. How?
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pregnancy
IgG from mother crosses the placenta and infers protection to the baby |
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Passive immunity occurs naturally as a result of _____ _____. How?
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breast feeding
IgA in breast milk are passed to the child |
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When does artificial passive immunity occur?
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when antibodies produced from one person/animal are transferred to another
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When does artificial passive immunity prevent disease?
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before or after likely exposure to disease
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3 types of passive immunization
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immune serum globulin
specific immunoglobulins monoclonal antibodies |
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Which type of passive immunization is administered to humans and equine?
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immune serum globulin
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3 types of active immunization
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inactivated
live DNA |
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4 types of inactivated active immunization
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killed bacterium or virus
subunit peptide or polysaccharide toxoid VLP |
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3 types of live active immunization
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attenuated mutants
hybrid viruses virulent strains |
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4 types of attenuated mutant live active immunization
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limited host range
temperature-sensitive cold-adapted genetically manipulated |
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What are attenuated vaccines?
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a type of live active vaccine
a weakened form of the pathogen that is generally unable to cause disease |
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With attenuated vaccines, the strain is replicated in the recipient and causes _____ with _____ symptoms.
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infection
mild/undetectable |
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Attenuated vaccines result in _____ immunity. Why?
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long-lasting
the multiplication of the microbe in the body continuously stimulates the immune system |
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What is one advantage of attenuated vaccines?
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infection caused by vaccination can spread to other individuals, thus inferring immunization inadvertently
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One disadvantage of attenuated vaccines is that they have the potential to cause disease in _____ people.
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immunocompromised
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Why should pregnant women avoid attenuated vaccines?
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in case it causes damage to the fetus
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3 examples of attenuated vaccines
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Sabin polio
MMR Yellow fever |
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Inactivated vaccines are unable to _____ in vaccinated individuals.
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replicate
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Inactivated vaccines retain _____ of infectious agent.
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immunogenicity
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2 categories of inactivated vaccines
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whole agents
fragments |
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Whole agents contain _____ organisms of the inactivated virus.
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killed
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Whole agents do not change _____.
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epitopes
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4 examples of whole agent inactivated vaccines
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cholera
plague influenza Salk polio |
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Fragments are _____ of organisms or agents including _____, _____, and _____ _____ _____.
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portions
toxins proteins cell wall components |
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3 examples of fragment inactivated vaccines
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toxoids
protein subunit polysaccharide |
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adjuvant
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agent that can stimulate the immune system and increase the response to a vaccine, without having any specific antigenic properties
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3 examples of adjuvants
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alum (aluminum salt)
squalen BCG |
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Adjuvants can provide _____ _____ to antigens.
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physical protection
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Adjuvants can cause a greater release of _____ _____ by _____ releasing cells such as Th.
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danger signals
chemokine |
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Adjuvants can release _____ _____ which help recruit B and T cells.
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inflammatory cytokines
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Adjuvants can increase the innate immune response to the antigen by interacting with _____.
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TLRs
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Adjuvants can translocate antigens to the _____ _____ which are recognized by T cells.
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lymph nodes
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antibody response (memory)- attenuated vaccine
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IgG
secretory IgA if administered orally or nasally |
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antibody response (memory)- inactivated vaccine
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IgG
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cellular immune response- attenuated vaccine
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good
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cellular immune response- inactivated vaccine
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poor
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duration of protection- attenuated vaccine
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long-term
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duration of protection- inactivated vaccine
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short-term
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need for adjuvant- attenuated vaccine
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no
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need for adjuvant- inactivated vaccine
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yes
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number of doses- attenuated vaccine
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usually single
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number of doses- inactivated vaccine
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multiple
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risk of mutation to virulence- attenuated vaccine
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very low
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risk of mutation to virulence- inactivated vaccine
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absent
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risk to immunocompromised recipient- attenuated vaccine
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can be significant
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risk to immunocompromised recipient- inactivated vaccine
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absent
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route of administration- attenuated vaccine
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injection, oral, or nasal
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route of administration- inactivated vaccine
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injection
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stability in warm temperatures- attenuated vaccine
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poor
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stability in warm temperatures- inactivated vaccine
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good
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types- attenuated vaccine
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attenuated viruses, attenuated bacteria
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types- inactivated vaccine
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inactivated whole agents, toxoids, subunit vaccines, polysaccharide vaccines
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conjugate vaccine
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type of inactivated vaccine
effective in young children; improved immune response through activation of B and T cells polysaccharides are chemically linked to proteins so that they are T-dependent |
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Influenza A virus belongs to _____ family of RNA viruses.
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orthomyxovirus
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Influenza A virus has a _____-stranded RNA genome.
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single
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The genome of Influenza A virus is divided into _____ segments.
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8
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Influenza A virus has a lipid-containing _____ envelope derived from the host cell membrane.
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spiked
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Projecting from the envelope are 2 kinds of glycoprotein spikes: _____ and _____.
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hemagglutinin (H)
neuraminidase (N) |
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The H spikes aid in _____, while the N spikes aid in _____ _____.
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attachment
viral spread |
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The spread of Influenza A virus is caused by major _____ _____.
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antigenic changes
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antigenic drift
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consists of minor changes in spikes- particularly H spikes
changes minimize effectiveness of immunity to previous strains and ensures enough susceptible people are available for continued virus survival |
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antigenic shift
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represents more dramatic changes
virus strains are drastically antigenically different from previous strains new virus comes from genetic reassortment genetic mixing results in new virus that is often more virulent |
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genetic reassortment
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occurs when two different viruses infect a cell at the same time
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The Influenza A vaccine can be _____% effective.
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80-90
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Why is a new Influenza A vaccine required every year?
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because of antigenic drift
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Who decides on the vaccine composition?
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WHO
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flumist
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a live, but weakened, virus
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flu shot
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a killed virus
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Which is better: a flumist or a flu shot?
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?
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seronegative
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person not yet exposed to antigen and has no specific antibodies
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seropositive
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person with exposure and actively producing antibody
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titer
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concentration of antibody in serum- indicates previous exposure
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principles of immunological testing
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you can have either an unknown organism or an unknown antibody and combine that with a known antibody/organism
will either identify organism or suggest a past/current infection |
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What is serum?
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fluid portion of blood that has no clotting factors
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What is plasma?
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fluid portion of blood that has clotting factors
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How are laboratory animals used to produce known antibodies?
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animal is immunized with the antigen and produces specific antibodies
antibodies are retrieved by harvesting the animal’s serum |
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What are anti-antibodies?
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an antibody that attacks other antibodies, especially ones produced in response to the injection of another antibody
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How can anti-antibodies be produced?
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by immunizing animals with IgG from human serum
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How is the concentration of antibody molecules in a specimen usually determined?
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through serial dilutions; the antigen is added to each dilution
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What is the titer taken from? Why?
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the last dilution
to give a detectable reaction |
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_____ complexes form aggregates.
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antigen-antibody
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Antigen-antibody binding can be seen in _____ and _____ reactions.
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precipitation
agglutination |
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What are precipitation reactions?
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used to detect specific antibodies or antigens
antibodies bind to soluble antigen to form insoluble complexes thus, the complexes precipitate out of the solution |
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In precipitation reactions, complete aggregate formation occurs at _____ _____.
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certain concentrations
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To achieve concentrations, place separate antigen and antibody suspensions _____ _____ _____.
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side by side
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zone of optimal proportion
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where the precipitate will form
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What is the most widely known immunodiffusion test?
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Ouchterlony technique
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immunodiffusion tests
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antigen and antibody are placed in separate wells cut in gel
solutions diffuse and meet between the wells result in line of precipitation at zone of optimal proportion |
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Unlike the Ouchterlony technique, the radial immunodiffusion test is _____.
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quantitative
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To do the radial immunodiffusion test, the antibody is added to the melted, cooled gel before it hardens. What does this generate?
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a uniform concentration of antibody molecules throughout the gel
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When is the antigen added to the gel?
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once the gel solidifies
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The antigens then diffuse outward, forming a
_____ _____. |
concentration gradient
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A ring will form around the well as _____ _____ _____.
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antigen-antibody aggregates precipitate
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What can be constructed to determine concentration?
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a standard curve
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immunoelectrophoresis
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used to determine antibody levels; high levels of certain antibody classes can indicate disease
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In immunoelectorphoresis, _____ are separated using gel electrophoresis.
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proteins
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Antibodies are then placed in the wells and allowed to diffuse towards _____ _____.
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separated proteins
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A line of precipitation forms at the _____ recognitions site.
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antibody-protein
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Unlike precipitation reactions, agglutination reactions use relatively _____ _____ particles.
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large insoluble
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Because of their nature, these large insoluble particles will form _____ _____, which are much easier to see.
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obvious aggregates
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2 types of agglutination
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direct agglutination
indirect agglutination |
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direct agglutination
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a specific antibody is mixed with a insoluble antigen
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What indicates a positive result in direct agglutination?
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readily visible clumping
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indirect agglutination
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amplifies aggregation formation
antibody is attached to a latex bead; beads make aggregates more visible |
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Why are detectable markers attached to specific antibodies?
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to detect the presence of a given antigen
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4 types of tests that use labeled antibodies
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Fluorescent Antibody (FA) test
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbant Assay (ELISA) Western blotting Fluorescence Activates Cell Sorter (FACS) |
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Fluorescent Antibody test relies on _____ _____ to locate labeled antibodies fixed to a microscope slide.
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fluorescent microscopy
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Fluorescence polarized immunoassay uses beam of polarized light to rate _____ of labeled antibodies.
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spin
(works under the principle that bound antibodies are heavier than unbound and will spin more slowly) |
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Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbant Assay (ELISA)
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employs antibody that has been labeled with detectable enzyme (usually horseradish peroxidase)
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The labeled antibody can bind either _____ or _____ to an antigen.
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directly
indirectly |
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Antigen location can be determined using a _____ _____.
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colorimetric assay
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2 types of ELISA
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direct ELISA
indirect ELISA |
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direct ELISA
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looks for specific antigen
specimen is placed in wells of microtiter plate wells are treated with antibody for antigen ex: home pregnancy test |
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indirect ELISA
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looks for antibody in patient serum (ie, human IgG)
wells of plate are treated with known antigen |
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Western blotting
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technique used to detect antigenic proteins
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In Western blotting, proteins are separated by _____ before reacting with the antibody.
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size
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This makes it possible to determine exactly which proteins the antibodies are recognizing, which is an essential aspect of _____ _____.
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HIV testing
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A special type of gel electrophoresis is used to the separate the proteins, called _____.
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SDS-PAGE
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SDS-PAGE resolves proteins of different sizes into a series of _____.
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bands
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Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorter (FACS)
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special version of flow cytometry that counts cells labeled with fluorescent antibodies
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FACS is used to count subsets of _____ _____.
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T cells
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For example, CD4 and CD8 cells can be counted and even separated by first mixing the cell with two preparations of _____ _____, each labeled with a different _____.
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monoclonal antibodies
dye |
