Lecture 17: Endocrine Disease

Front 1

where is the thyroid and parathyroid

Back 1

thyroid located at the trachea while the parathyroid, around 4-12 are on the thyroid gland.

Front 2

thyroid function

Back 2

have follicular and C cells that produce calcintonin

Front 3

T3/T4

Back 3

these are made by iodine oxidating with thyroglobulin tyrosine residues. they are obtained from food and go through active transport into follicular cells.

Front 4

hypothalmic pituitary axis.

Back 4

nerve stimulates hypothalamus to release TRH which activate the pituitary gland to release TSH to the thyroid for production of thyroid hormone. this is counteracted by T3/T4.

Front 5

thyroid hormone

Back 5

acts on nearly every cell to regulate metabolism, growth and proliferation, 02 consumption, protein synthesis, development of nerve cells.

Front 6

non toxic goiter

Back 6

enlargements of the thyroid due to the impaired production of thyroid hormone. this leads to the increase of TSH leading to hypertrophy and hyperplasia. often due to low iodine levels.

Front 7

hyperthyroidism

Back 7

excess production of thyroid hormone leading to increase metabolic rate, 02 consumption, vasodilation, over activating nervous system affecting mental state

Front 8

grave's disease

Back 8

hyperthyroidism that leads to sympathetic stimulation of the eye and blindness. they have high T3/T4 but low TSH with hypertrophy and hyperplasia. autoimmune disease where it attacks TSH receptor.

Front 9

grave's disease treatment

Back 9

radioactive iodine, anti thyroid drugs, removal.

Front 10

multicellular goiter

Back 10

recurrent hyperplasia and remodeling leaving scarring and nodularity, enlarges the thyroid bu often benign.

Front 11

how do carcinomas occur

Back 11

iodine 131 can enter the food system causing mutations

Front 12

papillary carcinoma

Back 12

solid or cystic, infiltrative, encapsulated with ghost nuclei.

Front 13

follicular carcinoma

Back 13

small nodules that are benign and encapsulated with an invasive spread.

Front 14

medullary thyroid carcinoma (c cell)

Back 14

sporadic mutations leading to death.

Front 15

hypothyroidism

Back 15

the reduced amount of thyroid hormone produced caused by autoimmune or leterogenic iodine. leads to larger heart, reduced mental and physical ability.

Front 16

centrism hypthyroidism

Back 16

disease in children impaired mental ability and CNS growth, reduced development and physical ability

Front 17

Myoxedema

Back 17

occurs in adults, tired, overweight and reduced mental and physical ability, often reduce sweating and have cool skin.

Front 18

thyroiditis

Back 18

inflammation of the thyroid causing injury and damage.

Front 19

hashimoto thyroiditis

Back 19

autoimmune disease where CD8+ cells kill follicular cells. thyroid is enlarged and becomes over and under reactive. similar to sub acute lymphatic thyroiditis.

Front 20

granulomatous thyroiditis

Back 20

occurred due to virus infection, many giant cells are present

Front 21

parathyroid function

Back 21

regulate CA2+, chief cells secrete hormone why xyphil dont do anything

Front 22

hyperparathyroidism

Back 22

over production of gastrin therefore increasing proton pumps leading to ulceration in the gastrointestinal tract. genetic disorder leading to inversion of cylcin D1 and PTH hence over production of cylcin D. hypercalcaemia and increase proliferation.