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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Exonn Valdez versus BP spill
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Exonn - 260,000 barrels
BP - 5 million |
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most oil goes to
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transportation
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what kind of wells are we going after?
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smaller, less economic deposits. more gas out of them.
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Liquified natural gas
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nitrogen gas compressed until it is liquified
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CA gas prices are higher because?
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1. shortage of refinery space.
2. gasoline must meet EPA recipe using additives for cleaner burning 3. consumer demand. 4. market uncertainty (911 plitical unrest) 5. ca car culture. |
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gas supply demand help stable by?
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1. slow down. 20% more gas at 75 than 55
2. drive less 3. buy fuel -- efficient vehicles hybrid lobby for higher fuel economy standards. 4. buy fewer plastics and material made from oil. |
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1948 Hubert "peak oil"
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developed peak oil - until then model of oil was unlimited. noticed oil wells go dry.
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Nuclear Energy : E = mc2 represents?
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e = energy
m = mass c = speed of light |
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what does E=mc2 equation mean in terms of energy?
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we can transform small amount of mass into a large amount of energy because of this interrelation/dependence.
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isotopes
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elements with the same number of protons but different number of NEUTRONS
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radioactive isotope
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elements that spontaneously lost some mass as energy
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natural radioactive decay takes place how?
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at a constant, exponential rate overtime.
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half life
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radiometric age dating. The amount of time required for given radioactive element to decay to 1/2 its original amount. diff for each element.
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carbon dating
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overtime to carbon 14, after 28,000 years its all decayed. carbon 14 useful for age dating things less than 25,000 years old.
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nuclear reaction: binding energy
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energy released when light nuclei are combined or heavy nucleus is split. The energy contained in nucleus.
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sun
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no radioactive isotopes -- thermo nuclear bombs - 0
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fusion
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combing light elemetns into heavier ones
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fission
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splitting of heavy into lighter ones
-atomic bombs -many radioactive isotopes + radiation. |
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what does fission of radioactive isotopes do?
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releases radiation
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alpha particlse
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helium nuclei
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Beta particles
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: electrons, can be blocked with aluminum foil
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Gamma radiation
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: X-rays, can be blocked with lead or conrete -- most dangerous.
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Dosage -
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radiation energy absorbed by living tissue measure radiation damage
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uranium fission
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major isotopes of uranium:
U 92 protons; 143 neutrons (0.7%) U 92 protons 146 neutrons (99.3%) |
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earth's age
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4.5 billion years
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artificial fission of U235 can be initiated by
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neutron bombardment. we can initiate radioactive decay by throwing nuetrons on radioactive elements. Add neutrons, mass no charge. throw massive neutrons we can speed this up.
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why hasn't nuclear power taken off?
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fission produces a lot of radioactive waste.
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Tiny amounts of uranium release
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very large amounts of energy
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Uranium ore must be enriched in 235U
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reactor or weapons fuel
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Radioactivity
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natural isotope uranium decaying when heated.
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nuclear fission
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artificially breaking down natural isotop uranium accelerates the process in nuclear plants.
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238U is the most naturally abundant but 235U (0.7%) is used in nuclear fuel because?
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it is easier to control in Fission.
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yellowcake
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oxide masses concentration.
this is the process to enrich it in 236U isotope and is prepared into pellets that are loaded into fuel rods |
