Lecture 15 Protists And Fungi

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Domain eukarya

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Most are protists, and all protists are unicellular

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4 supergroups of eukarya

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Unikonta, excavata, sar clade, archaeplastida

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Unikonta

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May be one of the first eurokaryotes to diverge. Contains animals, fungi and two others

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Excavata

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Modified mitochondria classified by morphological studies of cytoskeleton.

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Sar clade

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Some are photosynthetic, some are pathogens

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Archaeplastida

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Unicellular colonial species. Includes green algae, red algae, and PLANTS

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Eukaryotes

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Nucleus and membrane enclosed organelles, very organized.

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Secondary endosymbiosis. What evolved first (mitochondria or chloroplasts)

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Mitochondria evolved before plastids. They arise from cyanobacteria engulfed by an archaean cell. Chloroplasts evolved from a lineage of heterotrophic eukaryotes that acquired photosynthetic bacterium (eventually gave rise to algae)

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Where did plastids diversity come from?

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Arose from secondary endosymbiosis in which an organism with a chloroplast was eaten by and organism

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Protist

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Artificial classification of diverse eukarya. Mostly unicellular, nutritionally diverse, can produce sexually or asexually.

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Sar clade: diatoms

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Photosynthetic, unicellular. Silicon walls that are diverse in shape and morphology, carbon sink on ocean floor when they die.

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Sar clad: dinoflagellates

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Alveoli (air sac that helps give structure) 2 flagella that make them spin, nutritionally diverse, red tide when they bloom, killing fish with toxins

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Plasmodium

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Parasite bring about malaria, sexual and asexual stages with multiple hosts, live both inside and on cells.

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Archaeplastida : red algae and green algae

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Photoautotrophs,

chlorophyll masked in red algae and they DONT HAVE FLAGELLATED GAMETES.

Green algae gave rise to land plants and they are very diverse, live in many habitats

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Protists and ecology

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Aquatic, found where there is water. Symbiotic protists can aid in digestion or be parasites.

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Protists and photosynthesis

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They make up 30% of worlds photosynthesis. They use inorganic carbon to make organic carbon

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Fungi

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Cell walls, single or multicellular, sessile, heterotrophic by absorption using hydrotic enzymes. Can be decomposers, parasites, and mutualists

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Hyphae

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Network of tiny filaments consisting of tubular cell walls surrounding plasma membrane and cytoplasm

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Chitin

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Strong polysaccharide that strengthens the cell wall of fungi

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Mycorrhiza

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Important mutualism between fungi and plants that provides nutrients (phosphate) and increases surface area

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Ectomycorrhizal fungi

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Sheaths of hyphae that grow over surface of plant roots (between cells) and grow into extracellular spaces of cortex

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Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

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Extend hyphae through root cell walls and into tubes

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Fungi more closely related to plants or animals?

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Animals, diverted ~1.5 BYA

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Mutualist relationship of fungi anr plants came when

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~470 MYA, plants had mycorrhiza

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Sym genes

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Genes of land plants that help plant maximize on the benefits of fungi. Suggests common ancestor of plants had them

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Fungi and nutrients

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Decomposers, break down cellulose and lignin (some protists also do this)

Parasites: mycosis infection of animal by fungi, ringworm

Mutualists: endophytes (fungi living inside leaves or other plant parts) can increase plant tolerance to harsh weather and pathogens... Lichens: fungi and photosynthetic microorganisms (cyanobacteria) work together. Fungus provide shape and mass along with nutrients.