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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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how do u accumulate oil
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when you open up new ocea. there's a lot but uneven widespread
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how much of all deposited organic matter becomes petroeum?
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0.1% --
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how are oil fields measured
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barrels
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how much gas reserves does US have?
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20-50 years
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exploration wells -- how are deposits found?
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drilling well is the last thing. small exploration well.n
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primary recovery
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spontaneous gas flows out of the well. on its own
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secondary recovery
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pumped out, forced out with Steam Co2 detergents,
50% of the oil will remain underground. |
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where are coal deposits found relative to Earth?
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Coal deposits are found near the Earth’s
surface because of later tectonic uplift |
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highest grade of coal?
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anthracite
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lowest grade of coal?
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peat
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the US has ______ coal reserves
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>250 years worth of
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CO2 is a greenhouse gas because it absorbs_______
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infrared
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the burning of fossil fuels releases
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c02
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coal is mined from what type of rocks?
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sedimentary
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the main use of US coal is for ______
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electricity
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coal naturally contains some of the minerals _____aka iron sulfide
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pyrite
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during the carboniferous period, the north american and Eurasian continents were located near the _______
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equator.
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list naturally occurring climate drivers
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plate tectonics
volcanism earths orbital variation. |
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19th century industrial revolution + steam engine = rise of what ?
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coal
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20th century internal combustion engine , electricity --
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oil natural gas coal
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US energy consumption especially dominated by ____ versus natural gas
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oil
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US produces ______ more energy per capital than global average, more than we can produce
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3X
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history of energy consumption in US
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1900 - increase energy
1950 - growth of petroleum |
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is Carbon permanently stored?
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no, will be re-released as C02 by bacteria after death, small fraction of dead carbon may become buried in sediment (kerogen)
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what are the two controls of how much coal is present?
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time of burial and heating
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acid rain
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sulfric acid
Coal + water + oxygen |
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localized production of acid rain ph
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<5 closer to 4 is where it's dangerous.
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acid rain effects?
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forests, aquatic systems, buildings, limestone (taj mahal)
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scrubbing s02 from smokestacks, cheap?
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is expensive
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1997 Kyoto agreement sought to limit C02 emissions. US sign?
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US did not sign
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underground mining uses
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drills cutters conveyors
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room and pillar underground method
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mining seams of coal buried deep. can't remove entire layer of thick coal, because whole structure will colapse, so 50% of the coal is removed. rest is left as pillars as roof support mined later by retreat mining. mine pockets. a lot of it is left behind to hold mountain up.
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longwall mining
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other type of underground mining, safer than room and pillar. use cutting tool straight long sections mine strips underground strip mining, leave some behind. continous method removing coal in single, long sections.
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surface mining -- how much of coal production?
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2/3 of coal production, lower cost safer.
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Reclamation
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unsightliness and pollution from acid mine drainage. can't leave coal mines, sulfer (coal processing) can make acid in ground water.
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