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176 Cards in this Set
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The Old World Monkeys – the African Colobinae Taxonomy pretty simple
--- |
Colobus - black and white colobus
Procolobus - olive colobus Piliocolobus – red colobus |
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The Old World Monkeys – the African Colobinae Taxonomy pretty simple
Colobus - --- Procolobus - --- Piliocolobus – --- |
black and white colobus;olive colobus ;red colobus
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The Old World Monkeys – the African Colobinae Taxonomy pretty simple
--- - black and white colobus --- - olive colobus --- – red colobus |
Colobus;Procolobus;Piliocolobus
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The Old World Monkeys – the ---
Taxonomy pretty simple Colobus - black and white colobus Procolobus - olive colobus Piliocolobus – red colobus |
African Colobinae
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The Old World Monkeys – the African Colobinae
General Ecology ---habitats Olive colobus, denser lowland forests, middle and lower canopy Red colobus, mostly lowland forest though some in montane or drier regions, upper and middle canopy Black and while colobus, most diversity of habitats may prefer disturbed habitats, middle canopy, may travel on the ground Predators Eagles, chimpanzees, leopards, lions, hyenas Conservation status Subfamily as a whole disproportionately represented on 25 most endangered species list (6 Asian and 2 African forms). |
Forested
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The Old World Monkeys – the African Colobinae
General Ecology Forested habitats ---, denser lowland forests, middle and lower canopy |
Olive colobus
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The Old World Monkeys – the African Colobinae
General Ecology Forested habitats ---, mostly lowland forest though some in montane or drier regions, upper and middle canopy |
Red colobus
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The Old World Monkeys – the African Colobinae
General Ecology Forested habitats ---, most diversity of habitats may prefer disturbed habitats, middle canopy, may travel on the ground |
Black and while colobus
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The Old World Monkeys – the African Colobinae
General Ecology Forested habitats Olive colobus, --- forests, middle and lower canopy Red colobus, mostly--- forest though some in --- regions, upper and middle canopy Black and while colobus, most diversity of habitats may prefer --- habitats, middle canopy, may travel on the ground Predators Eagles, chimpanzees, leopards, lions, hyenas Conservation status Subfamily as a whole disproportionately represented on 25 most endangered species list (6 Asian and 2 African forms). |
denser lowland; lowland;montane or drier;disturbed
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The Old World Monkeys – the African Colobinae
General Ecology Forested habitats Olive colobus, denser lowland forests, --- canopy Red colobus, mostly lowland forest though some in montane or drier regions, --- canopy Black and while colobus, most diversity of habitats may prefer disturbed habitats, --- canopy, may travel on the ground Predators Eagles, chimpanzees, leopards, lions, hyenas Conservation status Subfamily as a whole disproportionately represented on 25 most endangered species list (6 Asian and 2 African forms). |
middle and lower;upper and middle;middle
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The Old World Monkeys – the African Colobinae
General Ecology Forested habitats Olive colobus, denser lowland forests, middle and lower canopy Red colobus, mostly lowland forest though some in montane or drier regions, upper and middle canopy Black and while colobus, most diversity of --- may prefer disturbed habitats, middle canopy, may travel --- Predators Eagles, chimpanzees, leopards, lions, hyenas Conservation status Subfamily as a whole disproportionately represented on 25 most endangered species list (6 Asian and 2 African forms). |
habitats;on the ground
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The Old World Monkeys – the African Colobinae
Diet Reputation for --- (diet)(26% – 92%) Recall Social/Behavioral Flexibility Model Other foods important too and mature leaves are fall back in many cases But specializations suggest clear evidence of natural selection |
Folivory
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The Old World Monkeys – the African Colobinae
Diet Reputation for Folivory (---% – ---%) Recall Social/Behavioral Flexibility Model Other foods important too and mature leaves are fall back in many cases But specializations suggest clear evidence of natural selection |
26;92
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The Old World Monkeys – the African Colobinae
Diet Reputation for Folivory (26% – 92%) Recall Social/Behavioral Flexibility Model Other foods important too and --- are fall back in many cases But--- suggest clear evidence of natural selection |
mature leaves; specializations
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The Old World Monkeys – the African Colobinae
Diet Reputation for Folivory (26% – 92%) Recall Social/Behavioral Flexibility Model Other foods important too and mature leaves are fall back in many cases But specializations suggest clear evidence of --- |
natural selection
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The Old World Monkeys – the African Colobinae
Diet Reputation for Folivory (26% – 92%) Recall---Model Other foods important too and mature leaves are fall back in many cases But specializations suggest clear evidence of natural selection |
Social/Behavioral Flexibility
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Digestion in colobines
--- in the colobine taxon is UNIQUE among primates Plant food→ FORESTOMACH-Bacteria detoxify and ferment plant food to short-chain fatty acids and multiply→ TRUE GASTRIC STOMACH-Lysozyme and antimicrobial peptides lyse bacteria from the forestomach →SMALL INTESTINE-Cell lysis cont., pancreatic enzymes, e.g. ribonuclease, digest bacterial cell contents → Feces |
Foregut fermentation
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Digestion in ----
Foregut fermentation in the--- taxon is UNIQUE among primates Plant food→ FORESTOMACH-Bacteria detoxify and ferment plant food to short-chain fatty acids and multiply→ TRUE GASTRIC STOMACH-Lysozyme and antimicrobial peptides lyse bacteria from the forestomach →SMALL INTESTINE-Cell lysis cont., pancreatic enzymes, e.g. ribonuclease, digest bacterial cell contents → Feces |
colobine; colobine
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Digestion in colobines
Foregut fermentation in the colobine taxon is UNIQUE among primates Plant food→----Bacteria detoxify and ferment plant food to short-chain fatty acids and multiply→ ----Lysozyme and antimicrobial peptides lyse bacteria from the forestomach →----Cell lysis cont., pancreatic enzymes, e.g. ribonuclease, digest bacterial cell contents → Feces |
FORESTOMACH;TRUE GASTRIC STOMACH;SMALL INTESTINE
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Digestion in colobines
Foregut fermentation in the colobine taxon is UNIQUE among primates Plant food→ FORESTOMACH---- detoxify and ferment plant food to short-chain fatty acids and multiply→ TRUE GASTRIC STOMACH---- and --- lyse bacteria from the forestomach →SMALL INTESTINE-Cell lysis cont., pancreatic enzymes, e.g. ribonuclease, digest bacterial cell contents → Feces |
Bacteria;Lysozyme;antimicrobial peptides
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Digestion in colobines
Foregut fermentation in the colobine taxon is UNIQUE among primates Plant food→ FORESTOMACH-Bacteria --- and --- plant food to short-chain fatty acids and multiply→ TRUE GASTRIC STOMACH-Lysozyme and antimicrobial peptides--- bacteria from the forestomach →SMALL INTESTINE-Cell lysis cont., pancreatic enzymes, e.g. ribonuclease, digest bacterial cell contents → Feces |
detoxify;ferment; lyse
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Digestion in colobines
Foregut fermentation in the colobine taxon is UNIQUE among primates Plant food→ FORESTOMACH-Bacteria detoxify and ferment plant food to--- and multiply→ TRUE GASTRIC STOMACH-Lysozyme and antimicrobial peptides lyse bacteria from the forestomach →SMALL INTESTINE---- cont., pancreatic enzymes, e.g. ribonuclease, digest bacterial cell contents → Feces |
short-chain fatty acids;Cell lysis
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Digestion in colobines
Foregut fermentation in the colobine taxon is UNIQUE among primates Plant food→ FORESTOMACH-Bacteria detoxify and ferment --- to short-chain fatty acids and multiply→ TRUE GASTRIC STOMACH-Lysozyme and antimicrobial peptides lyse ---from --- →SMALL INTESTINE-Cell lysis cont., pancreatic enzymes, e.g. ribonuclease, digest bacterial cell contents → Feces |
plant food;bacteria ;the forestomach
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The Old World Monkeys – the African Colobinae
Diet Digestive physiology Evidence of positive selection on lysozymes (---enzymes) ..and on Pancreatic ribonuclease Digest contents of lysed Bacteria (retrieve --- from RNAs ) Microbial activity in --- |
bacteriolytic ;nitrogen and
Phosphorous;foregut |
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The Old World Monkeys – the African Colobinae
Diet Digestive physiology Evidence of --- on lysozymes (bacteriolytic enzymes) ..and on Pancreatic ribonuclease Digest contents of lysed Bacteria (retrieve nitrogen and Phosphorous from --- ) --- in foregut |
positive selection;RNAs;Microbial activity
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The Old World Monkeys – the African Colobinae
Diet Digestive physiology Evidence of positive selection on --- ..and on Pancreatic ribonuclease Digest---(retrieve nitrogen and Phosphorous from RNAs ) Microbial activity in foregut |
lysozymes ; contents of lysed
Bacteria |
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The Old World Monkeys – the African Colobinae
Diet Digestive physiology Evidence of positive selection on lysozymes (bacteriolytic enzymes) ..and on --- Digest contents of lysed Bacteria (retrieve nitrogen and Phosphorous from RNAs ) Microbial activity in foregut |
Pancreatic
ribonuclease |
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The Old World Monkeys – the African Colobinae
Diet Digestive physiology Evidence of positive selection on lysozymes (bacteriolytic enzymes) ..and on Pancreatic ribonuclease --- contents of--- Bacteria (retrieve nitrogen and Phosphorous from RNAs ) Microbial activity in foregut |
Digest; lysed
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The Old World Monkeys – the African Colobinae
Diet Ranging and Activity Smaller home ranges and travel distance than --- and --- Reflects relative abundance of food and energy conservation in some species (devote metobolic activity to digestion) Tend to be lethargic (like other folivores such as Howler monkeys) 40 – 55% time resting |
sympatric cercopithecines;apes
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The Old World Monkeys – the African Colobinae
Diet Ranging and Activity Smaller --- and--- than sympatric cercopithecines and apes Reflects relative abundance of food and energy conservation in some species (devote metobolic activity to digestion) Tend to be lethargic (like other folivores such as Howler monkeys) 40 – 55% time resting |
home ranges; travel distance
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The Old World Monkeys – the African Colobinae
Diet Ranging and Activity --- home ranges and travel distance than sympatric cercopithecines and apes Reflects relative abundance of food and energy conservation in some species (devote metobolic activity to digestion) Tend to be lethargic (like other folivores such as Howler monkeys) ---% time resting |
Smaller;40 – 55
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The Old World Monkeys – the African Colobinae
Diet Ranging and Activity Smaller home ranges and travel distance than sympatric cercopithecines and apes Reflects --- and--- in some species |
relative abundance of food; energy conservation
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The Old World Monkeys – the African Colobinae
Diet Ranging and Activity Smaller home ranges and travel distance than sympatric cercopithecines and apes Reflects relative abundance of food and energy conservation in some species (devote --- to digestion) Tend to be lethargic (like other folivores such as ---) 40 – 55% time resting |
metobolic activity;Howler monkeys
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The Old World Monkeys – the African Colobinae
Diet Ranging and Activity Smaller home ranges and travel distance than sympatric cercopithecines and apes Reflects relative abundance of food and energy conservation in some species (devote metobolic activity to ---) Tend to be lethargic (like other --- such as Howler monkeys) 40 – 55% time resting |
digestion;folivores
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The Old World Monkeys – the African Colobinae
Diet Ranging and Activity Smaller home ranges and travel distance than sympatric cercopithecines and apes Reflects relative abundance of food and energy conservation in some species (devote metobolic activity to digestion) Tend to be --- (like other folivores such as Howler monkeys) |
lethargic
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The Old World Monkeys – the African Colobinae
Diet Social organization, mating systems, dispersal patterns Group size ---, small (<12)groups, single or multi-male Most---, >15 group size, multiple-male ---, large groups average 25-50 individuals Varies with predation pressure (eagle, chimpanzee) Polygyny or more promiscuous/polygamous mating patterns, high reproductive skew for males |
Olive colobus; black and white colobus;Red colobus
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The Old World Monkeys – the African Colobinae
Diet Social organization, mating systems, dispersal patterns Group size Olive colobus, --- Most black and white colobus,--- Red colobus, --- Polygyny or more promiscuous/polygamous mating patterns, high reproductive skew for males Variable dispersal patterns Olive colobus, both sexes disperse, females most frequently Red colobus, females more commonly disperse Black and white colobus, male dispersal more common |
small (<12)groups, single or multi-male; >15 group size, multiple-male ;large groups average 25-50 individuals
Varies with predation pressure (eagle, chimpanzee) |
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The Old World Monkeys – the African Colobinae
Diet Social organization, mating systems, dispersal patterns Group size Olive colobus, small (<12)groups, single or multi-male Most black and white colobus, >15 group size, multiple-male Red colobus, large groups average 25-50 individuals Varies with predation pressure (eagle, chimpanzee) --- mating patterns, high reproductive skew for --- Variable dispersal patterns Olive colobus, both sexes disperse, females most frequently Red colobus, females more commonly disperse Black and white colobus, male dispersal more common |
Polygyny or more promiscuous/polygamous;males
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The Old World Monkeys – the African Colobinae
Variable dispersal patterns ---, both sexes disperse, females most frequently ---, females more commonly disperse ---, male dispersal more common |
Olive colobus;Red colobus;Black and white colobus
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The Old World Monkeys – the African Colobinae
Variable dispersal patterns Olive colobus,--- Red colobus,--- Black and white colobus, --- |
both sexes disperse, females most frequently; females more commonly disperse;male dispersal more common
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Lecture 14: The Old World Monkeys – the Asian Colobinae
Asian colobines Species more numerous than in --- Restricted ranges and discontinuous distributions Likely due to effects of climatic fluctuation during the Pleistocene (1.8 million years ago to about 12,000 years ago) |
Africa
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Lecture 14: The Old World Monkeys – the Asian Colobinae
Asian colobines Species more ---than in Africa Restricted ranges and discontinuous distributions Likely due to effects of climatic fluctuation during the Pleistocene (--- years ago to about --- years ago) |
numerous ;1.8 million;12,000
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Lecture 14: The Old World Monkeys – the Asian Colobinae
Asian colobines Species more numerous than in Africa --- ranges and --- distributions Likely due to effects of climatic fluctuation during the Pleistocene (1.8 million years ago to about 12,000 years ago) |
Restricted;discontinuous
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Lecture 14: The Old World Monkeys – the Asian Colobinae
Asian colobines Species more numerous than in Africa Restricted--- and discontinuous--- Likely due to effects of climatic fluctuation during the Pleistocene (1.8 million years ago to about 12,000 years ago) |
ranges; distributions
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Lecture 14: The Old World Monkeys – the Asian Colobinae
Asian colobines Species more numerous than in Africa Restricted ranges and discontinuous distributions Likely due to effects of --- during the Pleistocene (1.8 million years ago to about 12,000 years ago) |
climatic fluctuation
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Lecture 14: The Old World Monkeys – the Asian Colobinae
Asian colobines Species more numerous than in Africa Restricted ranges and discontinuous distributions Likely due to effects of climatic fluctuation during --- |
the Pleistocene
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Lecture 14: The Old World Monkeys – the Asian Colobinae
Taxonomy 7 genera total Langurs – ---- Gray langur or hanuman langur now in Semnopithecus – formerly Presbytis entellis “odd-nosed colobines” – --- |
Semnopithecus, Presbytis, and Trachypithecus;Simias, Nasalis, Rhinopithecus, and Pygathrix
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Lecture 14: The Old World Monkeys – the Asian Colobinae
Taxonomy 7 genera total --- – Semnopithecus, Presbytis, and Trachypithecus --- – Simias, Nasalis, Rhinopithecus, and Pygathrix |
Langurs;“odd-nosed colobines”
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Lecture 14: The Old World Monkeys – the Asian Colobinae
Taxonomy 7 genera total Langurs – Semnopithecus, Presbytis, and Trachypithecus --- now in Semnopithecus – formerly Presbytis entellis “odd-nosed colobines” – Simias, Nasalis, Rhinopithecus, and Pygathrix |
Gray langur or hanuman langur
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Lecture 14: The Old World Monkeys – the Asian Colobinae
Taxonomy 7 genera total Langurs – Semnopithecus, Presbytis, and Trachypithecus Gray langur or hanuman langur now in ---– formerly --- “odd-nosed colobines” – Simias, Nasalis, Rhinopithecus, and Pygathrix |
Semnopithecus ;Presbytis entellis
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Lecture 14: The Old World Monkeys – the Asian Colobinae
Feeding Ecology and Predation Diet broader than anatomy/physiology might suggest --- augment; P. rubicunda, 80% seeds; Rhinopithecus roxellana, leaves in summer then lichen, green bark and buds in winter Predation significant but possibly lower than in Africa |
Seeds and fruits
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Lecture 14: The Old World Monkeys – the Asian Colobinae
Feeding Ecology and Predation Diet broader than anatomy/physiology might suggest Seeds and fruits augment; P. rubicunda, 80% seeds; Rhinopithecus roxellana, leaves in summer then lichen, green bark and buds in winter Predation significant but --- |
possibly lower than in Africa
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Lecture 14: The Old World Monkeys – the Asian Colobinae
--- Social Organization and behavior --- consistency than African colobines Recall group size varied with predation pressure Most species, --- social groups, typically organized as OMUs Bands of multiple OMUs sometimes form Rhinopithecus |
Basic;Greater;small
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Lecture 14: The Old World Monkeys – the Asian Colobinae
Basic Social Organization and behavior Greater consistency than --- Recall group size varied with --- Most species, small social groups, typically organized as OMUs Bands of multiple OMUs sometimes form Rhinopithecus |
African colobines;predation pressure
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Lecture 14: The Old World Monkeys – the Asian Colobinae
Basic Social Organization and behavior Greater --- than African colobines Recall --- varied with predation pressure Most species, small social groups, typically organized as OMUs Bands of multiple OMUs sometimes form Rhinopithecus |
consistency;group size
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Lecture 14: The Old World Monkeys – the Asian Colobinae
Basic Social Organization and behavior Greater consistency than African colobines Recall group size varied with predation pressure Most species, small social groups, typically organized as --- Bands of multiple --- sometimes form Rhinopithecus |
OMUs ;OMUs
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Lecture 14: The Old World Monkeys – the Asian Colobinae
Basic Social Organization and behavior Greater consistency than African colobines Recall group size varied with predation pressure Most species, small social groups, typically organized as OMUs Bands of multiple OMUs sometimes form --- |
Rhinopithecus
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Lecture 14: The Old World Monkeys – the Asian Colobinae
Alloparenting Alloparents are usually other --- Begins shortly after birth, includes grooming, holding, carrying during long-distance travel Males are generally indifferent or tolerant of infants, may be protective of infants or extremely aggressive and infanticidal….. |
adult females
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Lecture 14: The Old World Monkeys – the Asian Colobinae
Alloparenting Alloparents are usually other adult females Begins ---, includes grooming, holding, carrying during long-distance travel Males are generally indifferent or tolerant of infants, may be protective of infants or extremely aggressive and infanticidal….. |
shortly after birth
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Lecture 14: The Old World Monkeys – the Asian Colobinae
Alloparenting Alloparents are usually other adult females Begins shortly after birth, includes --- Males are generally indifferent or tolerant of infants, may be protective of infants or extremely aggressive and infanticidal….. |
grooming, holding, carrying during long-distance travel
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Lecture 14: The Old World Monkeys – the Asian Colobinae
Alloparenting Alloparents are usually other adult females Begins shortly after birth, includes grooming, holding, carrying during long-distance travel --- are generally indifferent or tolerant of infants, may be protective of infants or extremely aggressive and infanticidal….. |
Males
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Lecture 14: The Old World Monkeys – the Asian Colobinae
Alloparenting Alloparents are usually other adult females Begins shortly after birth, includes grooming, holding, carrying during long-distance travel Males are generally--- or --- of infants, may be protective of infants or extremely aggressive and infanticidal….. |
indifferent;tolerant
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Lecture 14: The Old World Monkeys – the Asian Colobinae
Alloparenting Alloparents are usually other adult females Begins shortly after birth, includes grooming, holding, carrying during long-distance travel Males are generally indifferent or tolerant of infants, may be --- of infants or --- and ---….. |
protective;extremely aggressive;infanticidal
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Lecture 14: The Old World Monkeys – the Asian Colobinae
Infanticide – killing of infants ---behavior in primates Two hypotheses to explain it Male reproductive strategy (Sugiyama, 1967; Hrdy 1974,1977) Social pathology the result of over-crowding and infant curiosity (eg. Dolinhow, 1999) |
Rare
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Lecture 14: The Old World Monkeys – the Asian Colobinae
Infanticide – killing of infants Rare behavior in --- Two hypotheses to explain it Male reproductive strategy (Sugiyama, 1967; Hrdy 1974,1977) Social pathology the result of over-crowding and infant curiosity (eg. Dolinhow, 1999) |
primates
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Lecture 14: The Old World Monkeys – the Asian Colobinae
Infanticide – killing of infants Rare behavior in primates Two hypotheses to explain it --- |
Male reproductive strategy (Sugiyama, 1967; Hrdy 1974,1977)
Social pathology the result of over-crowding and infant curiosity (eg. Dolinhow, 1999) |
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Lecture 14: The Old World Monkeys – the Asian Colobinae
Infanticide – killing of infants Rare behavior in primates Two hypotheses to explain it Male reproductive strategy (Sugiyama, 1967; Hrdy 1974,1977) Social pathology the result of --- (eg. Dolinhow, 1999) |
over-crowding and infant curiosity
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Reproductive Biology and Behavior of Female Langurs
--- – suspension of fertility while nursing an infant After loss of an infant, female will resume ovulation and sexual activity. |
Lactational amenorrhea
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Reproductive Biology and Behavior of Female Langurs
Lactational amenorrhea – ---- |
suspension of fertility while nursing an infant
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Reproductive Biology and Behavior of Female Langurs
Lactational amenorrhea – suspension of fertility while nursing an infant After loss of an infant, female will --- |
resume ovulation and sexual activity.
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Reproductive Biology and Behavior of Female Langurs
Lactational amenorrhea – suspension of fertility while nursing an infant After ---, female will resume ovulation and sexual activity. |
loss of an infant
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The Old World Monkeys – the Asian Colobinae
Langurs? Female counter strategies? Mate with--- soon after death of infant Mate with new male even when pregnant Driver of female phylopatry? Allomothering is common Female collective defense |
infanticidal male
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The Old World Monkeys – the Asian Colobinae
Langurs? Female counter strategies? Mate with infanticidal male soon after --- Mate with new male even when pregnant Driver of female phylopatry? Allomothering is common Female collective defense |
death of infant
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The Old World Monkeys – the Asian Colobinae
Langurs? Female counter strategies? Mate with infanticidal male soon after death of infant Mate with new male even when --- Driver of female phylopatry? Allomothering is common Female collective defense |
pregnant
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The Old World Monkeys – the Asian Colobinae
Langurs? Female counter strategies? Mate with infanticidal male soon after death of infant --- even when pregnant Driver of female phylopatry? Allomothering is common Female collective defense |
Mate with new male
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The Old World Monkeys – the Asian Colobinae
Langurs? Female counter strategies? Mate with infanticidal male soon after death of infant Mate with new male even when pregnant Driver of female phylopatry? --- |
Allomothering is common
Female collective defense |
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The Old World Monkeys – the Asian Colobinae
Langurs? Some observations --- does not correlate with variation in population density among langur groups ---does correlate with variation in mating system more likely in one-male troops during a takeover |
Infanticide;Infanticide
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The Old World Monkeys – the Asian Colobinae
Langurs? Some observations Infanticide does not correlate with --- among langur groups Infanticide does correlate with --- |
variation in population density;variation in mating system
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The Old World Monkeys – the Asian Colobinae
Langurs? Some observations Infanticide does not correlate with variation in population density among--- Infanticide does correlate with variation in mating system more likely in one-male troops during a takeover |
langur groups
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The Old World Monkeys – the Asian Colobinae
Langurs? Some observations Infanticide does not correlate with variation in population density among langur groups Infanticide does correlate with variation in mating system more likely in--- during --- |
one-male troops;a takeover
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The Old World Monkeys – the African Colobinae
General Ecology Forested habitats Olive colobus, denser lowland forests, middle and lower canopy Red colobus, mostly lowland forest though some in montane or drier regions, upper and middle canopy Black and while colobus, most diversity of habitats may prefer disturbed habitats, middle canopy, may travel on the ground Predators --- Conservation status Subfamily as a whole disproportionately represented on 25 most endangered species list (6 Asian and 2 African forms). |
Eagles, chimpanzees, leopards, lions, hyenas
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The Old World Monkeys – the African Colobinae
General Ecology Forested habitats Olive colobus, denser lowland forests, middle and lower canopy Red colobus, mostly lowland forest though some in montane or drier regions, upper and middle canopy Black and while colobus, most diversity of habitats may prefer disturbed habitats, middle canopy, may travel on the ground Predators Eagles, chimpanzees, leopards, lions, hyenas Conservation status --- |
Subfamily as a whole disproportionately represented on 25 most endangered species list (6 Asian and 2 African forms).
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Digestion in colobines
Foregut fermentation in the colobine taxon is UNIQUE among primates Plant food→ FORESTOMACH-Bacteria detoxify and ferment plant food to short-chain fatty acids and ---→ TRUE GASTRIC STOMACH-Lysozyme and antimicrobial peptides lyse bacteria from the forestomach →SMALL INTESTINE-Cell lysis cont., ---, e.g. ribonuclease, digest bacterial cell contents → Feces |
multiply;pancreatic enzymes
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Digestion in colobines
Foregut fermentation in the colobine taxon is UNIQUE among primates Plant food→ FORESTOMACH-Bacteria detoxify and ferment plant food to short-chain fatty acids and multiply→ TRUE GASTRIC STOMACH-Lysozyme and antimicrobial peptides lyse bacteria from the forestomach →SMALL INTESTINE-Cell lysis cont., pancreatic enzymes, e.g. ribonuclease, digest--- → Feces |
bacterial cell contents
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Digestion in colobines
Foregut fermentation in the colobine taxon is UNIQUE among primates Plant food→ FORESTOMACH-Bacteria detoxify and ferment plant food to short-chain fatty acids and multiply→ TRUE GASTRIC STOMACH-Lysozyme and antimicrobial peptides lyse bacteria from the forestomach →SMALL INTESTINE-Cell lysis cont., pancreatic enzymes, e.g. ---, ---bacterial cell contents → Feces |
ribonuclease;digest
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Who are the African Papionins?
SUBSAHARAN taxa…many Mangabeys and Kipunji Drills Mandrills Baboons --- = Gelada baboon --- = hamadryas baboons, guinea baboons, savanna baboons ( “Yellow”, “Olive”, “Chacma”) |
Theropithecus;Papio
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Who are the African Papionins?
SUBSAHARAN taxa…many Mangabeys and Kipunji Drills Mandrills Baboons Theropithecus = --- Papio = ---- |
Gelada baboon;hamadryas baboons, guinea baboons,
savanna baboons ( “Yellow”, “Olive”, “Chacma”) |
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General qualities of African Papionins
----bodied All sexually dimorphic, drills and mandrills – most extreme body and canine size dimorphism, males may have bright coloration, scent gland development, manes or capes evidence of strong sexual selection Distributed throughout sub-Saharan Africa --- to--- Some mangabeys and kipunjis arboreal but others highly terrestrial Baboons used to model human evolution |
Large;Desert; tropical rainforest
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General qualities of African Papionins
Large-bodied All ---, drills and mandrills – most extreme body and canine size dimorphism, males may have bright coloration, scent gland development, manes or capes evidence of strong sexual selection Distributed throughout sub-Saharan Africa Desert to tropical rainforest Some mangabeys and kipunjis arboreal but others highly terrestrial Baboons used to model human evolution |
sexually dimorphic
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General qualities of African Papionins
Large-bodied All sexually dimorphic, ---– most extreme body and canine size dimorphism, males may have bright coloration, scent gland development, manes or capes evidence of strong sexual selection Distributed throughout sub-Saharan Africa Desert to tropical rainforest Some mangabeys and kipunjis arboreal but others highly terrestrial ---used to model human evolution |
drills and mandrills ;Baboons
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General qualities of African Papionins
Large-bodied All sexually dimorphic, drills and mandrills – most extreme --- size dimorphism, males may have bright coloration, scent gland development, manes or capes evidence of strong sexual selection Distributed throughout sub-Saharan Africa Desert to tropical rainforest Some --- arboreal but others highly terrestrial Baboons used to model human evolution |
body and canine;mangabeys and kipunjis
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General qualities of African Papionins
Large-bodied All sexually dimorphic, drills and mandrills – most extreme body and canine size dimorphism, males may have --- evidence of strong sexual selection Distributed throughout sub-Saharan Africa Desert to tropical rainforest Some mangabeys and kipunjis arboreal but others highly terrestrial Baboons used to model human evolution |
bright coloration, scent gland development, manes or capes
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General qualities of African Papionins
Large-bodied All sexually dimorphic, drills and mandrills – most extreme body and canine size dimorphism, males may have bright coloration, scent gland development, manes or capes evidence of strong sexual selection Distributed throughout--- Desert to tropical rainforest Some mangabeys and kipunjis --- but others --- Baboons used to model human evolution |
sub-Saharan Africa;arboreal;highly terrestrial
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Distribution
Baboons – widest distribution ---, endemic to montane grasslands of highlands in Ethiopia Mangabeys – more densely forested, equatorial Africa Kipunji, discovered in 2005, critically endangered, only in southern Tanzania Drills and Mandrills, allopatric, in Central African, primary rain forests |
Gelada baboons
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Distribution
Baboons – --- distribution Gelada baboons, endemic to montane grasslands of highlands in Ethiopia Mangabeys – more densely forested, equatorial Africa Kipunji, discovered in 2005, critically endangered, only in southern Tanzania Drills and Mandrills, allopatric, in Central African, primary rain forests |
widest
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Distribution
Baboons – widest distribution Gelada baboons, endemic to montane grasslands of highlands in --- Mangabeys – more densely forested, equatorial Africa Kipunji, discovered in 2005, critically endangered, only in southern Tanzania Drills and Mandrills, allopatric, in Central African, primary rain forests |
Ethiopia
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Distribution
Baboons – widest distribution Gelada baboons, endemic to--- in Ethiopia Mangabeys – more densely forested, equatorial Africa Kipunji, discovered in 2005, critically endangered, only in southern Tanzania Drills and Mandrills, allopatric, in Central African, primary rain forests |
montane grasslands of highlands
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Diet
All --- have cheek pouches Omnivorous and opportunistic Baboons often choose difficult to harvest foods (corms, rhizomes, bulbs and tubers); high protein to fiber ratios with low toxcicity Gelada baboon – seed eaters = granivorous (also blades, rhizomes, flowers as well as the seeds) |
cercopithecinae
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Diet
All cercopithecinae have cheek pouches ---rous and opportunistic Baboons often choose difficult to harvest foods (corms, rhizomes, bulbs and tubers); high protein to fiber ratios with low toxcicity Gelada baboon – seed eaters = granivorous (also blades, rhizomes, flowers as well as the seeds) |
Omnivo
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Diet
All cercopithecinae have cheek pouches Omnivorous and opportunistic --- often choose difficult to harvest foods (corms, rhizomes, bulbs and tubers); high protein to fiber ratios with low toxcicity Gelada baboon – seed eaters = granivorous (also blades, rhizomes, flowers as well as the seeds) |
Baboons
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Diet
All cercopithecinae have cheek pouches Omnivorous and opportunistic Baboons often choose difficult to harvest foods (corms, rhizomes, bulbs and tubers); --- ratios with low--- Gelada baboon – seed eaters = granivorous (also blades, rhizomes, flowers as well as the seeds) |
high protein to fiber; toxcicity
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Diet
All cercopithecinae have cheek pouches Omnivorous and opportunistic Baboons often choose difficult to harvest foods (corms, rhizomes, bulbs and tubers); high protein to fiber ratios with low toxcicity ---– seed eaters = granivorous (also blades, rhizomes, flowers as well as the seeds) |
Gelada baboon
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Diet
All cercopithecinae have cheek pouches Omnivorous and opportunistic Baboons often choose difficult to harvest foods (corms, rhizomes, bulbs and tubers); high protein to fiber ratios with low toxcicity Gelada baboon – --- eaters = ---orous (also blades, rhizomes, flowers as well as the seeds) |
seed;graniv
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Social Organization (not = mating system)
Mangabeys and most baboons and live in --- groups of varying size Like most other cercopithecinae… if group size is ≤5 females then a single male is with them; if group size is > 10 then there are multiple males in the group Most often, female philopatry/male dispersal Female matrilines form core of social group Males may disperse multiple times throughout their lives, = secondary dispersal |
multi-male/multi-female
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Social Organization (not = mating system)
--- and live in multi-male/multi-female groups of varying size Like most other cercopithecinae… if group size is ≤5 females then a single male is with them; if group size is > 10 then there are multiple males in the group Most often, female philopatry/male dispersal Female matrilines form core of social group Males may disperse multiple times throughout their lives, = secondary dispersal |
Mangabeys and most baboons
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Exception
Hamadryas Baboons Females are transferred coercively among OMUs Disrupts female matrilines Cross-sex (M-F) bonds underlie cohesion |
Z
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Exception
---- Females are transferred coercively among OMUs Disrupts female matrilines Cross-sex (M-F) bonds underlie cohesion |
Hamadryas Baboons
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General: Mating systems
Savanna baboons and Mangabeys ---mous within multimale groups ---competition |
Polyga;Sperm
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General: Mating systems
--- Polygamous within multimale groups (females may mate with multiple male partners, male typically mate with multiple females) Sperm competition Gelada, Hamadryas and Guinea baboons Polygynous, OMUs, no sperm competition Drills and Mandrills Seasonal polygamy; HIGH sexual dimorphism |
Savanna baboons and Mangabeys
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General: Mating systems
Savanna baboons and Mangabeys Polygamous within multimale groups (females may mate with multiple male partners, male typically mate with multiple females) Sperm competition Gelada, Hamadryas and Guinea baboons ---ous, OMUs, --- competition Drills and Mandrills Seasonal polygamy; HIGH sexual dimorphism |
Polygyn;no sperm
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General: Mating systems
Savanna baboons and Mangabeys Polygamous within multimale groups (females may mate with multiple male partners, male typically mate with multiple females) Sperm competition Gelada, Hamadryas and Guinea baboons Polygynous, OMUs, no sperm competition Drills and Mandrills ---amy; ---sexual dimorphism |
Seasonal polyg;HIGH
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General: Mating systems
Savanna baboons and Mangabeys Polygamous within ---groups (females may mate with multiple male partners, male typically mate with multiple females) Sperm competition Gelada, Hamadryas and Guinea baboons Polygynous, OMUs, no sperm competition Drills and Mandrills Seasonal polygamy; HIGH sexual dimorphism |
multimale
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General: Mating systems
--- Polygynous, OMUs, no sperm competition |
Gelada, Hamadryas and Guinea baboons
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General: Mating systems
--- Seasonal polygamy; HIGH sexual dimorphism |
Drills and Mandrills
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Specifics of Social Organization/Mating
--- Aggregate into supergroups ≈200 Adult males solitary |
Drills
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Specifics of Social Organization/Mating
--- Aggregate into extremely large groups called hords, 600+ individuals Adult males are often solitary except for the breeding season |
Mandrills
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Specifics of Social Organization/Mating
Drills Aggregate into --- Adult males solitary |
supergroups ≈200
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Specifics of Social Organization/Mating
Drills Aggregate into supergroups ≈200 ---solitary |
Adult males
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Specifics of Social Organization/Mating
Mandrills Aggregate into extremely large groups called---, ---+ individuals Adult males are often solitary except for the breeding season |
hords;600
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Specifics of Social Organization/Mating
Mandrills Aggregate into extremely large groups called hords, 600+ individuals --- are often solitary except for the breeding season |
Adult males
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Hybridization in Primates
Range overlap is common among --- = opportunity for hybrid matings >10% of all 370 currently recognized primate species Least common in strepsirhines, tarsiers, and NWM Most common in OWM, especially Papionins (baboons and friends) |
baboon
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Hybridization in Primates
Range overlap is common among baboons = opportunity for --- >10% of all 370 currently recognized primate species Least common in strepsirhines, tarsiers, and NWM Most common in OWM, especially Papionins (baboons and friends) |
hybrid matings
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---
Large taxonomic diversity, 22 species |
Macaques
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Macaques
Large taxonomic diversity,---species |
22
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Macaques
--- taxonomic diversity, |
Large
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General ecology-Macaques
Highly flexible; ---l environment; mostly terrestrial Many species are allopatric When sympatric - niche separation non-overlapping plant species Terrestrial vs. high % tome arboreal Distinct activity budgets Ethnoprimatology Macaca fuscata, snow monkeys |
tropical to temperate/highly seasona
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General ecology-Macaques
Highly flexible; tropical to temperate/highly seasonal environment; mostly--- Many species are allopatric When sympatric - niche separation non-overlapping plant species Terrestrial vs. high % tome arboreal Distinct activity budgets Ethnoprimatology Macaca fuscata, snow monkeys |
terrestrial
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General ecology-Macaques
Highly flexible; tropical to temperate/highly seasonal environment; mostly terrestrial Many species are ---tric |
allopa
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General ecology-Macaques
Highly flexible; tropical to temperate/highly seasonal environment; mostly terrestrial Many species are allopatric When sympatric - --- non-overlapping plant species Terrestrial vs. high % tome arboreal Distinct activity budgets Ethnoprimatology Macaca fuscata, snow monkeys |
niche separation
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General ecology-Macaques
Highly flexible; tropical to temperate/highly seasonal environment; mostly terrestrial Many species are allopatric When sympatric - niche separation --- plant species Terrestrial vs. high % tome arboreal Distinct activity budgets Ethnoprimatology Macaca fuscata, snow monkeys |
non-overlapping
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Diet-Macaques
Preference for ---, but flexible, See Table 14.2 |
fruit and other high quality foods
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Social organization, dispersal, and mating patterns-Macaques
like --- Multi-male/multi-female groups, non-territorial with overlapping home ranges …but no “super-sized” groups Females are philopatric, males disperse (secondary dispersal also common) Polygamous mating (males have more than one mate, females may mate with more than one male) Some have evidence of sperm competition Sexual swellings in some species (both African and Asian)…why? |
African Papionins
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Social organization, dispersal, and mating patterns-Macaques
like African Papionins --- groups, non-territorial with overlapping home ranges …but no “super-sized” groups Females are philopatric, males disperse (secondary dispersal also common) Polygamous mating (males have more than one mate, females may mate with more than one male) Some have evidence of sperm competition Sexual swellings in some species (both African and Asian)…why? |
Multi-male/multi-female
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Social organization, dispersal, and mating patterns-Macaques
like African Papionins Multi-male/multi-female groups, ---with overlapping home ranges …but no “super-sized” groups Females are philopatric, males disperse (secondary dispersal also common) Polygamous mating (males have more than one mate, females may mate with more than one male) Some have evidence of sperm competition Sexual swellings in some species (both African and Asian)…why? |
non-territorial
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Social organization, dispersal, and mating patterns-Macaques
like African Papionins Multi-male/multi-female groups, non-territorial with --- home ranges …but no “super-sized” groups Females are philopatric, males disperse (secondary dispersal also common) Polygamous mating (males have more than one mate, females may mate with more than one male) Some have evidence of sperm competition Sexual swellings in some species (both African and Asian)…why? |
overlapping
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Social organization, dispersal, and mating patterns-Macaques
like African Papionins Multi-male/multi-female groups, non-territorial with overlapping home ranges …but no “---” groups Females are philopatric, males disperse (secondary dispersal also common) Polygamous mating (males have more than one mate, females may mate with more than one male) Some have evidence of sperm competition Sexual swellings in some species (both African and Asian)…why? |
super-sized
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Social organization, dispersal, and mating patterns-Macaques
like African Papionins Multi-male/multi-female groups, non-territorial with overlapping home ranges …but no “super-sized” groups --- are philopatric, --- disperse (secondary dispersal also common) Polygamous mating (males have more than one mate, females may mate with more than one male) Some have evidence of sperm competition Sexual swellings in some species (both African and Asian)…why? |
Females;males
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Papionini Social Behavior and Dominance Hierarchies
Strong dominance hierarchies--- Female-female competition Food, mating privileges (dominant females preferred by dominant males) Females often inherit rank in female philopatric species Babies born to HR mom are themselves HR Babies born to LR mom are themselves LR FEMALE rank is stable over their lifetime Exceptions, hamadryas baboons and some macaques |
within both sexes
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Papionini Social Behavior and Dominance Hierarchies
--- dominance hierarchies within both sexes Female-female competition Food, mating privileges (dominant females preferred by dominant males) Females often inherit rank in female philopatric species Babies born to HR mom are themselves HR Babies born to LR mom are themselves LR FEMALE rank is stable over their lifetime Exceptions, hamadryas baboons and some macaques |
Strong
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--- Social Behavior and Dominance Hierarchies
Strong dominance hierarchies within both sexes Female-female competition Food, mating privileges (dominant females preferred by dominant males) Females often inherit rank in female philopatric species Babies born to HR mom are themselves HR Babies born to LR mom are themselves LR FEMALE rank is stable over their lifetime Exceptions, hamadryas baboons and some macaques |
Papionini
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Papionini Social Behavior and Dominance Hierarchies
Strong dominance hierarchies within both sexes Female-female competition Food, mating privileges (dominant females preferred by dominant males) Females often inherit rank in female philopatric species Babies born to HR mom are themselves HR Babies born to LR mom are themselves LR FEMALE rank is stable over their lifetime Exceptions, --- |
hamadryas baboons and some macaques
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Papionini Social Behavior and Dominance Hierarchies
Strong dominance hierarchies within both sexes Female-female competition Food, mating privileges (dominant females preferred by dominant males) Females often inherit rank in female philopatric species Babies born to HR mom are themselves HR Babies born to LR mom are themselves LR FEMALE rank --- over their lifetime Exceptions, hamadryas baboons and some macaques |
is stable
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Dominance Hierarchies-Macaques
---– dispersing sex; secondary dispersal common |
Males
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Dominance Hierarchies-Macaques
---dominance hierarchies are unstable In contrast to ---dominance hierarchy |
Males ;female
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Dominance Hierarchies-Macaques
Males – dispersing sex; secondary dispersal common Males dominance hierarchies are unstable In contrast to female dominance hierarchy --- compete for mating opportunities Females of many species exhibit estrogen-induced sexual swellings around the time of ovulation |
Unrelated males
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Dominance Hierarchies-Macaques
Males – dispersing sex; secondary dispersal common Males dominance hierarchies are unstable In contrast to female dominance hierarchy Unrelated males compete for mating opportunities Females of many species exhibit --- around the time of ovulation |
estrogen-induced sexual swellings
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BUT…Macaques also differ from ---
“…macaques vary widely in the degree to which nepotism governs their societies.” “social style” varies among macaque species (Table 13.4) |
African Papionins
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BUT…Macaques also differ from African Papionins
“…macaques vary widely in the degree to which ---governs their societies.” “social style” varies among macaque species (Table 13.4) |
nepotism
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BUT…--- also differ from African Papionins
“…--- vary widely in the degree to which nepotism governs their societies.” “social style” varies among ---species (Table 13.4) |
Macaques
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Consequences of Dominant Rank-Macaques
Strong evidence for fitness consequences related to dominance in females (e.g. IBI, age at first birth, survivorship, offspring growth rate) Fitness consequences of dominance in males is --- Alternate reproductive strategies |
more complex
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Consequences of Dominant Rank-Macaques
Strong evidence for fitness consequences related to dominance in females (e.g. ---) Fitness consequences of dominance in males is more complex Alternate reproductive strategies |
IBI, age at first birth, survivorship, offspring growth rate
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Consequences of Dominant Rank-Macaques
Strong evidence for fitness consequences related to dominance in --- (e.g. IBI, age at first birth, survivorship, offspring growth rate) Fitness consequences of dominance in ---is more complex Alternate reproductive strategies |
females;males
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Consequences of Dominant Rank-Macaques
Strong evidence for --- related to dominance in females (e.g. IBI, age at first birth, survivorship, offspring growth rate) Fitness consequences of dominance in males is more complex Alternate reproductive strategies |
fitness consequences
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Guenons
Guenons (Cercopithecus, --- species), vervet monkeys and friends Close relatives include Allen’s swamp monkey, talapoin monkeys, and patas monkeys Small – medium sized, most colorful are the true guenons, intraspecific communication |
35
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Guenons
Guenons (Cercopithecus, 35 species), vervet monkeys and friends Close relatives include Allen’s swamp monkey, talapoin monkeys, and patas monkeys Small – medium sized, most colorful are the true guenons,---communication |
intraspecific
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Guenons
Guenons (Cercopithecus, 35 species), vervet monkeys and friends Close relatives include Allen’s swamp monkey, talapoin monkeys, and patas monkeys Small – medium sized, most colorful are the ---, intraspecific communication |
true guenons
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Guenons
Guenons (Cercopithecus, 35 species), vervet monkeys and friends Close relatives include Allen’s swamp monkey, talapoin monkeys, and patas monkeys --- sized, most colorful are the true guenons, intraspecific communication |
Small – medium
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Guenons
Guenons (Cercopithecus, 35 species), vervet monkeys and friends Close relatives include --- Small – medium sized, most colorful are the true guenons, intraspecific communication |
Allen’s swamp monkey, talapoin monkeys, and patas monkeys
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General ecology-Guenons
Guenons are predominantly forest dwelling except vervet and patas monkeys who inhabit open grassland and woodland habitats Diet highly frugivorous in forest dwelling species, supplemented with young leaves, insects and other invertebrates Cheek --- and low --- Diet for vervet and patas, little fruit, Acacia trees (gum, fruit, flowers, bark) important food source |
pouches;rounded molar cusps
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General ecology-Guenons
Guenons are predominantly forest dwelling except vervet and patas monkeys who inhabit open grassland and woodland habitats Diet highly frugivorous in forest dwelling species, supplemented with young leaves, insects and other invertebrates Cheek pouches and low rounded molar cusps Diet for---, little fruit, Acacia trees (gum, fruit, flowers, bark) important food source |
vervet and patas
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General ecology-Guenons
Guenons are predominantly forest dwelling except vervet and patas monkeys who inhabit open grassland and woodland habitats Diet highly frugivorous in -- species, supplemented with young leaves, insects and other invertebrates Cheek pouches and low rounded molar cusps Diet for vervet and patas, little fruit, Acacia trees (gum, fruit, flowers, bark) important food source |
forest dwelling
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General ecology-Guenons
Guenons are predominantly forest dwelling except vervet and patas monkeys who inhabit open grassland and woodland habitats Diet--- in forest dwelling species, Diet for vervet and patas, --- |
highly frugivorous;little fruit, Acacia trees (gum, fruit, flowers, bark) important food source
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General ecology-Guenons
Guenons are predominantly forest dwelling except --- who inhabit open grassland and woodland habitats Diet highly frugivorous in forest dwelling species, supplemented with young leaves, insects and other invertebrates Cheek pouches and low rounded molar cusps Diet for vervet and patas, little fruit, Acacia trees (gum, fruit, flowers, bark) important food source |
vervet and patas monkeys
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General ecology-Guenons
Guenons are predominantly --- dwelling except vervet and patas monkeys who inhabit--- Diet highly frugivorous in forest dwelling species, supplemented with young leaves, insects and other invertebrates Cheek pouches and low rounded molar cusps Diet for vervet and patas, little fruit, Acacia trees (gum, fruit, flowers, bark) important food source |
forest ; open grassland and woodland habitats
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Reproductive ecology-Guenons
Variation in reproduction due to shifts in temperature, rainfall, food and water availability are well documented in guenons age at first birth, and interbirth interval (IBI) for vervets affected by habitat quality Majority of guenons are seasonal breeders Variation in birth season coincides with variation in --- |
rainfall and resourses
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Reproductive ecology-Guenons
Variation in reproduction due to shifts in temperature, rainfall, food and water availability are well documented in guenons age at first birth, and interbirth interval (IBI) for vervets affected by habitat quality Majority of guenons are ---breeders - |
seasonal ;
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Reproductive ecology-Guenons
---due to shifts in temperature, rainfall, food and water availability are well documented in guenons age at first birth, and interbirth interval (IBI) for vervets affected by habitat quality Majority of guenons are seasonal breeders Variation in birth season coincides with variation in rainfall and resourses |
Variation in reproduction
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Reproductive ecology-Guenons
Variation in reproduction due to --- age at first birth, and interbirth interval (IBI) for vervets affected by habitat quality Majority of guenons are seasonal breeders Variation in birth season coincides with variation in rainfall and resourses |
shifts in temperature, rainfall, food and water availability are well documented in guenons
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Social organization and mating systems-Guenons
All live in single male/multi-female groups except vervets, talapoins and Allen’s swamp monkey where multi-male/multi female groups are the norm Females are philopatric and males disperse But unlike Papionins, most groups lack --- |
strong linear dominance hierarchies
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Social organization and mating systems-Guenons
All live in single male/multi-female groups except vervets, talapoins and Allen’s swamp monkey where multi-male/multi female groups are the norm Females are philopatric and males disperse But unlike ---, most groups lack strong linear dominance hierarchies |
Papionins
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Social organization and mating systems-Guenons
All live in single male/multi-female groups except vervets, talapoins and Allen’s swamp monkey where multi-male/multi female groups are the norm ---are philopatric and --- disperse But unlike Papionins, most groups lack strong linear dominance hierarchies |
Females ;males
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Social organization and mating systems-Guenons
All live in single male/multi-female groups except --- where multi-male/multi female groups are the norm Females are philopatric and males disperse But unlike Papionins, most groups lack strong linear dominance hierarchies |
vervets, talapoins and Allen’s swamp monkey
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Social organization and mating systems-Guenons
All live in --- groups except vervets, talapoins and Allen’s swamp monkey where--- groups are the norm Females are philopatric and males disperse But unlike Papionins, most groups lack strong linear dominance hierarchies |
single male/multi-female; multi-male/multi female
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Polyspecific associations-Guenons
Commonly found, especially in --- See Table 16.9, p. 296 Foraging efficiency advantages accrue to individuals Anti-predator advantages may be strong In --- Eagles, chimpanzees, leopards, humans, possibly pythons and golden cats In open habitat - patas monkeys and vervets jackels, dogs, leopards, lions, spotted hyenas, baboons, cheetas |
forest guenons;forest guenons
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Polyspecific associations-Guenons
Commonly found, especially in forest guenons See Table 16.9, p. 296 Foraging efficiency advantages accrue to individuals Anti-predator advantages may be strong In forest guenons Predators: --- In open habitat - patas monkeys and vervets jackels, dogs, leopards, lions, spotted hyenas, baboons, cheetas |
Eagles, chimpanzees, leopards, humans, possibly pythons and golden cats
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Polyspecific associations-Guenons
Commonly found, especially in forest guenons See Table 16.9, p. 296 Foraging efficiency advantages accrue to individuals Anti-predator advantages may be strong In forest guenons Eagles, chimpanzees, leopards, humans, possibly pythons and golden cats In open habitat - --- |
patas monkeys and vervets
jackels, dogs, leopards, lions, spotted hyenas, baboons, cheetas |
