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275 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Color blindness is a recessive genetic condition, due to a recessive gene on the X chromosome.
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True
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Color blindness is an autosomal dominant genetic condition.
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False; X-linked RECESSIVE condition.
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Color blindness is a dominant genetic condition.
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False; recessive
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Color blindness primarily occurs in males (7% compared to 0.4% of females).
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True
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Color blindness primarily occurs in females (7% compared to 0.4% of males).
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False; primarily occurs in males; X-linked recessive
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Most adaptation to light and dark occurs in the pupillary reflex.
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False; occurs in the retina
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Sunlight is ___ x's brighter than star light.
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10 billion
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In bright light, photopigments are broken down at the same rate they are recycled.
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False; broken down faster than they are recycled.
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In bright light, photopigments are broken down faster than they are recycled.
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True
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The rods become ___ in bright light, due to the breakdown of photoreceptors.
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BLEACHED
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Cones are bleached in bright light, so they do not respond to bright light
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FAlse; RODS are bleached in bright light.
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Both rods and cones are used in bright light.
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False; rods are bleached becasue photoreeptors break down. Cones are used only.
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Only cones are used in bright light.
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True
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As you walk into a dark building form outside on a sunny day, your vision takes a short time to adapt.
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True
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As you walk into a dark building form outside on a sunny day, your vision takes a long time to adapt.
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False; short time
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Sunlight is 10 million times brighter than starlight.
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False; 10 billion.
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When are photopigments regenerated?
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In the absence of light
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How does sensitivity to light over time in darkness increase?
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Increase in the abudance of photopigments with continued exposure to darkness.
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Describe the increase sensitivity to light over darkness over the following time intervals: 1 minute, 20 mins, 40 mins
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1: 10x's
20: 6000 x's 40: 25,000 x's |
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Cones adapt quickly to dim light conditions, (less than 10 minutes), but stop at <100x's increase.
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True
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Rods adapt quickly to dim light conditions, (less than 10 minutes), but stop at <100x's increase.
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False; these are cones
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Rods adapt more slowly than cones but continue increasing in sensitivity to beyond 25,000 x's.
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True
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Cones adapt more rods than cones but continue increasing in sensitivity to beyond 25,000 x's.
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False; rods adapt more slowly than cones
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Because of rods' low sensitivity to their wavelengths, which light helps preserve rods?
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Red light
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Using green light helps preseve rods, since they have low sensitivity to green wavelengths.
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False; this is true for red light!
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Information from eyes is conveyed through ___ to where?
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Info from eyes; conveyed through thalamus to primary visual cortex of occipital lobe.
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Info from eyes is conveyed through thalamus to primary vision cortex in frontal lobe.
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False; Occipital lobe
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Outer half of each retina is projected ipsilaterally. Inner half is projected contralaterally.
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True
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Outer half of each retina is projected contralaterally. Inner half is projected ipsilaterally.
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False; outer half - ipsilaterally. Inner half contralaterally (OIIC)
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Advantage of half ipsilateral/half contralateral projections of retina
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Helps brain better perceive images from left and right field of view
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half ipsi/half contrilateral projection of retina ehnances depth perception.
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False; it helps brain better percieve images from left and right sides
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The binocular field of view enhances what?
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Depth perception
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Binocular field of view enhances depth perception.
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True
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Bioncular field of view enhances left and right images in field of view.
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False; binocular field of view enhances depth perception.
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The brain evalulates images from each eye and the angle view of each eye.
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True
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The brain evalulates images and angle view of both eyes simultaneously.
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False; evaluates it from each eye
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What contributes to depth perception?
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Binocular vision and psychological factors (size, shadows, overlapping objects)
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Size, shadows, and overlapping objects are examples of ____ factors that contribute to depth perception.
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Psychological
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Optical illusions reveal clues about how the brain perceives what?
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Size and depth perception
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Claude Monet had cataracts. As he aged, he saw things more in reds/yellows, and not in blues.
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True
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The lens of the eye yellows with age.
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True
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Claude Monet became aware that his paintings were excssively blue due to his cararacts.
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False; they were reds/yellows.
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Claude Monet got cataract surgery at what age?
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84; lived until 86
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Color blindness was originally called what?
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Daltonism; after John Dalton
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Claude Monet was color blind;
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false; had cataracts
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John Dalton's first scientific paper was on his atomic theory of chemistry. The last paper before his death was on his inability to discern red and green.
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False; first paper was on his inability to discern red and green
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John Dalton hypothesized that the fluid of his eye was blue, which absorbed wavelegnths and distorted his vision.
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True
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John Dalton was a proteranope.
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False; deuteranope (missing green cones)
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John Dalton was a deuteranope.
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True
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the pineal gland was originally thought to be what?
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nonfunctional remnant organ
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The hypotothalamus was originalyl thought to be a nonfunctional remnant organ.
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False; pineal gland
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In 1900, it was shown that hormones from the pineal gland could change the color of frog skin.
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True
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In 1900, it was shown that hormones from the pineal gland could change the texture of frog skin.
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False; changed color of frog skin
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In 1900, it was shown that hormones from the adrenal gland could change the color of frog skin.
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False; PINEAL gland
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The pineal gland is an ___ gland.
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Endocrine gland
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The pineal gland is composed of brain tissue, and is a small endocrine gland.
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True
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The pineal gland is composed of tissue from the spinal cord, and is a small endocrine gland.
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False; composed of brain tissue
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Pineal gland helps form the third eye complex in many vertebrates. This is common in what types?
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Reptiles and amphibians
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The pineal gland appears to inform the nervous system of what?
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Dark vs. light; used in biological rhythms sucha s reproductive cycles
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Because it informs the nervous system of dark vs. light, the pineal gland is vital to capturing prey for nocturnal vertebrates.
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False; important in biological rhythms, sucha s reproductions
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The pineal gland provides info to the RAS to help control biological rhythms.
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False; provides info to the SCN.
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The pineal gland provides info to the SCN to help control biological rhythms.
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True
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Pineal gland recieves sensory info from eyes through what? It then does what?
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SCN; then uses a melatonin to signal to the SCN and other parts of the brain
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Pineal releases melatonin during the dark, which provides the brain with an endocrine indicator of length of day and night.
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True
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Pineal releases melatonin during the daytime, which provides the brain with an endocrine indicator of length of day and night.
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False; released at night
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Pineal releases seretonin during the dark, which provides the brain with an endocrine indicator of length of day and night.
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False; melatonin
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When is melatonin released?
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Dark
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Provides neuroenocrine interface between physiology and environmental light cycle.
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Pineal gland
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The SCN provides neuroenocrine interface between physiology and environmental light cycle.
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Fals;e pineal gland
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Pineal gland provides neuroendocrine interface between what?
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Environmental ligth cycle and physiology of organism
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What are the effects of melatonin in humans?
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Induce sleep and is involved in jet lag.
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Best supporting evidence that melatonin is involved in sleep cycle?
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Studies with blind people
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Sound waves are _____ waves.
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Mechanical waves.
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Sound waves are invisible light waves.
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False; mechanical waves
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What is the frequency range of human hearing?
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20 to 20,000 cycles/s
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The frequency range of human hearing is 20-2000 cyces/s.
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False; 20-20,000 cycles/s
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Sensitivity (loudness) is determined by the decibel scale.
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True
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Frequency is determined by the decibel scale.
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False; decibel scale determines sensitivity (loudess)
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1 decibel=10 bels.
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False; 1 decibel=1/10 of a bell
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Decibel scale is logarithmic.
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True
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The threshold of human hearing is __ dB. Sounds over __ dB can damage hearing.
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threshold: 0dB; sounds over 100 dB
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100 dB is ____ times greater than 0 dB.
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10 billion
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100 dB is 1 billion times greater than 0 dB.
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False; 10 billion times greater
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100 dB is 10 million times greater than 0 dB.
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False; 10 billion times greater
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Cosnsists of the pinna (auricle) and ear canal.
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External ear.
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External ear cosnsists of the pinna (auricle) and ear canal.
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True
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____ funnels sound to the tympanic membrane.
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External ear.
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The ear drum is a membrane that separates what? It is composed of what?
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Separates external and middle ear; composed of living fibrous tissue with nerves and blood vessels
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The ear drum is composed of living conenctive tissue that contains nerves and bloodvessels.
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False; living FIBROUS tissue
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The middle ear transmits vibrations from ___ to ___.
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Ear drum to inner ear
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Transmits vibrations from ear drum to inner ear; air-filled
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Middle ear
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The eustacian tube connects the middle ear with the phayrnx to equalize pressure.
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True
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The eustacian tube connects the inner ear with the phayrnx to equalize pressure.
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FAlse; connects MIDDLE ear with phayrnx
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The eustacian tube connects the middle ear with the phayrnx to maintain posture.
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False; equlize pressure
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What are auditory oscicles? Where are htey found?
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Middle ear bones; malleus, incus, and stapes
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Auditory osicles transfer sound from TM to inner ear.
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True
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Auditory osicles transfer sound from TM to middle ear.
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False; transfers sound from TM to INNER ear.
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Auditory osicles:
Malleus is attached to what? Incus (mioddle) Stapes attached to what? |
Malleus: tM; stapes: oval window of cochlea
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The stapes is coneted to the circular window of the inner ear's cochlea.
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False; OVAL window
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Malleus is connected to the oval window of cochlea.
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False; STAPES is connected to oval window of cochlea
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The cochlea is fluid-filled and consists of how many tubes? Which has hair on it?
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Fluid filled; network of 3 coiled tubes. Middle has a basiler membrane with hair cells on it
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The cochlea is air-filled.
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False; fluid filled
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Cochlea's innermost tube has a basilar membrane with hair cells on it.
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False; MIDDLE TUBE
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How are vibrations transferred to the cochlea?
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Through the oval window from the stapes.
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Vibrations from the stapes push fluid in/out of cochlea and pushes in/out on round window.
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Push fluid IN cochlea; push OUT on round window
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Vibrations from the stapes push fluid out of cochlea and pushes in on round window.
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False; push fluid IN cochlea and push out on round window
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Vibrations from the stapes push fluid into cochlea, and push out on oval window.
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False; push out on ROUND window.
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Vibrations that push fluid into cochlea then produce ____ in the cochlea.
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Traveling waves in cochlea.
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Traveling waves in the round window deflect to the basilar membrane.
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False; traveling waves in fluid of COCHLEA deflect to baislar membrane
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Movement of the basilar membrane moves hair cells, which causes depolarization.
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False; movement of basilar membrane moves hair cells which causes repolarization and depolarization
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Deflection of traveling waves to basilar membrane moves hair cells, which cause what?
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Hyperpolarization in one direction and depolarization in the other direction
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Movement of hair in one rirection causes depolarization. Movmene in the other casues repolariation.
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FAlse; de and hyperpolarization
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Sound vibration is translated into what?
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Osscillations of hyperpolarizations and depolarizations that produe a graded potential.
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Sound vibration is translated into oscillations of hyper and depolarizations that produce an action potential.
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FAlse; produce a graded potential
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Sound vibration is translated into oscillations of hyper and depolarizations that produce a graded potential.
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True
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Graded potentials (produced by oscilations of depolarizations and hypoerpolarization) control neurotransmitter releease from hair cells.
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True
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Graded potentials (produced by oscilations of depolarizations and hypoerpolarization) control neurotransmitter releease from gnaglia.
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False; hair cells
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Glutamate is released from hair cells.
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True
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GABA is released from hair cells.
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False; glutamate
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Hair cells synapse with neurons from where?
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Cochlear nerve
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Hair cells control the rate of action potentials in the cochlear nerve.
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True
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Hair cells directly produce action potentials.
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False; they control the rate of action potentials in cochlear nerve.
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High frequency sounds deflect the basilar membrane where?
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NEar oval window
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High freq sounds deflect basilar membrane near the oval window.
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True
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High freq sounds deflect basilar membrane near the round window.
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False; near OVAL window
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Low freq sounds deflect basilar membrane near the oval window.
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False; high freq
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Low freq sounds deflect basilar membrane a long distance from oval window.
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True
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High freq sounds deflect basilar membrane a long distance from oval window.
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False; low freq sounds do this
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Amplitude of sound is determined by what?
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Amplitude of deflection of basilar membrane; greater deflection and stimulation of hair cells
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The amplitude of deflection of basilar membrane determines the frequency of sounds.
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false; determines AMPLITUDE of sounds
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Lound sounds result in decreased deflection and stimulation of hair cells.
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False; increaed deflection/stimulation of hair cells
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Auditory info travels through the cochlear nerve (Cranial nerve ___) to the brainstem.
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Cranial nerve 8
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Auditory info carries through cochlear nerve (8) to what part of the CNS?
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Brainstem
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Auditory info carries through cochlear nerve (8) to the temporal lobe.
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False; brainstem
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Auditory information goes from the cochlear nerve to the brainstem to the ____ then to the ____.
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Brainstem, then to the thalamus, then to the temporal lobe (primary auditory cortex)
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Auditory cortex is mapped according to the tones (tonotopic map).
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True
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Auditory cortex is mapped according to the ampllitude (loudness map).
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False; mapped according to tones; tonotpic map
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What allows you to filter out the spectrum of sounds being recieved, so that only the important ones are focused on?
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Thalamus
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The thalamus allows you to filter out the spectrum of sounds being recieved, so that only the important ones are focused on.
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True
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The cochlear nerve allows you to filter out the spectrum of sounds being recieved, so that only the important ones are focused on?
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False; thalamus
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A sound is equal in amplitude in both ears.
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FAlse; louder to ear closest to sound
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Sound is louder in ear closer to sound.
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T
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Sound reaches closer ear faster than other ear; about 1/1500 of a second faster.
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True
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Sound reaches closer ear faster than other ear; about 1/1500 of a minute faster.
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False; 1/1500 of a SECOND
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Sound reaches closer ear faster than other ear; about 1/150 of a second faster.
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False; 1/1500 of a SECOND
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How does the brain determine where a sound comes from?
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Sound is louder in ear closer to sound; it reaches that ear a little faster, about 1/1500 of a second faster.
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When you hear your own voice, you hear extra resonance produced by the conduction of sound waves through bones in the skull.
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True
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Hearing your own voice sounds different because of echoes in the semicircular canals.
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False; conduction of sound waves in bones of skull
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In sensorineural deafness, sound is transmitted to innear ear, but it is not translated into neural signals by the cochlea
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True
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In sensorineural deafness, sound is transmitted to middle ear, but it is not translated into neural signals by the oval window of the stapes.
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False; sound is transferred to INNER EAR, but is not translated into nerual signals by the cochlea
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In conductive deafness, sound is transmitted to innear ear, but it is not translated into neural signals by the cochlea
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False; occurs in sensorineural deafness
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Caused by degeneration of hair cells due to prolonged exposure to loud sounds or by some antibiotics.
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Sensorineural deafness
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What casues SN deafeness?
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Degeneration of hair cells or antibiotics
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Con deafness is caused by degeneration of hair cells due to prolonged exposure to loud sounds or by some antibiotics.
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False; this is SN deafness
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Cochlear implants help people with what kind of deafness?
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SN
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Cochelar implants restore hearing back to normal by providing an individual with hearing sensations.
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False; they do not resore hearing back to normal
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Due to problems associated with TM or auditory ossicles, caused by inflammation, abnormal bone growth of ear bones, or otosclerosis.
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Conduction deafness
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Conduction deafness is due to problems associated with TM or auditory ossicles, caused by inflammation, abnormal bone growth of ear bones, or otosclerosis.
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True
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Conduction deafness affects what structures of the ear?
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Tympanic membrane or middle ear bones (auditory ossicles)
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Otosclerosis is the calcification of the bones in the middle ear, especially the malleus.
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False; especially the stapes
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Otosclerosis is the inflammation of the bones in the middle ear, especially the stapes.
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False; CALFICICATION of middle ear bones, especially the stapes
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Conduction deafness can typically be corrected by hearing aids or repair of auditory ossicle (stapes).
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True
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Conduction deafness is not easily corrected by hearing aids.
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False; it can typically be reparied by hearing aids
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Loss of hearing in old age.
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Presbycusis, high freq hearing loss
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Presbycusis results in low frequency hearing loss.
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False; high frequency hearing loss
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In presbycusis, the ranged is reduced to 50 to 5000 cycles/s.
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True. Normal is 20-20,000 cycles/s
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Range in presbycusis is rediced to 5-500 cycles/s.
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False; 50-5000 cycles/s.
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Presbycusis is tpyically caused by what?
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sensorineural deafness
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Presbycusis is typically caused by conduction deafness.
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False; SN deeafness
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By age 65, 40% of the hair cells wear out in the inner ear.
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True
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By age 65, 60% of the hair cells wear out in the inner ear.
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False; 40% wear out
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The vestibular apparatus is located where?
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Adjacent to/attached to cochlea
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The VA detects what?
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Position of head, equilibrium (orientation and balance)
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The information provided by the VA often reaches concious awareness.
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False; it is subconcious.
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Two groups of structures that compose the VA ?
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Semicircular canals, otolith organs
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There are __ semicircular canals located at __ angles to each other.
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3; right angles
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Semicirculr canals detect 3D accelraton/rotational acceleration.
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True
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Otolith organs detect 3D accelraton/rotational acceleration.
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FAlse; these are semicircular canals
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The central semicircular canal contains endolymph and perilymp fluid.
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False; EACH contains fluid.
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Structure on SCC that contains hair cells.
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Ampulla; found one each SCC
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When the head rotates, the fluid in the SCC lags behind due to what?
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Intertia of the fluid
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When the head rotates, the fluid in the SCC accelerates due to inertia. This causes hair cells to bend, which produces GPs.
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False; fluid in SCC LAGS BEHIND!
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Hair cells in the VA are different than those in the cochlea; they instead synapse with neurons in the vestibular nerve 8.
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False; vestibular nerve and cochlear nerve are both part of CN 8
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Where do hair cells synapse in the VA?
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Neurons from the vestibular nerve, which produce AP.s
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Hair cells in the VA produce AP's.
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False; they produce GP's. Neurons in Vestibular nerve produce AP's.
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There are three otolith organs.
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False; two - uricle and saccule
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Where are otolith organs found?
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Between cochlea and SCC.
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OOL organs are found behind semicircular canals.
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False; between cochlea and SCC.
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The uricle and saccule are oritented how?
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Right angles to each other
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Otolith organs contain __, suspended in a ___, overlying ___.
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Calcium carbonate crystals (otolith), suspended in a gel, overlying hair cells.
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OOL organs contain Calcium carbonate crystals suspended in a gel, located adjacent to hair cells.
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False; overlying hair cells
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In the OOL, crystals give the gel more mass and inertia. Hair cells are stimulated by movement of gel.
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True
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In the SC, crystals give the gel more mass and inertia. Hair cells are stimulated by movement of gel.
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False; occurs in otolith organs
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Otolith organs are specialized for detecting linear acceleration.
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True
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Semicircular canals are specialized for detecting linear acceleration.
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False; rotational acceleration
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Info from VA (SCC and OLO) is relayed to ___, then to ___.
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brain stem, then to cerebellum
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Info from VA is relayed to the thalamus, then to the cerebral cortex.
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FALSE; brain sthem, then cerebellum
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Nystagmus involves a slow movemnet of eyes followed by what?
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fast corrective movement
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Nystagmus is the involuntary back and forth movement of the eyes. It involves the fast movement of eyes followed by a slow corrective movement.
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FAsle; slow movement of eyes; fast corrective movement
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Postatory nystagmus is due to brain damage.
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False; due to spinning
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Postatory nystagmus is due to fluid movement in otolith organs after a person is rotated.
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False; due to fluid movement in Semicircular canals
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In nystagmus, the eyes do not attempt to fix on an object beause of confusion caused by SCC.
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False; eyes try to focus on an object, but they cannot because of confusion of SCC.
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Meinere's disease is a disease of the inner ear; caused by excess endolymp in inner ear (cochlea and VA).
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True
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Meinere's disease is a disease of the middle ear; caused by excess endolymph in middle ear.
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False; disease of INNER EAR.
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Meinere's disease is a disease of the inner ear; caused by excess perilymph in inner ear (cochlea and VA).
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False; excess endolymph
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Meniere's diseas affects the cochlea, but not hte VA.
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FAlse; both
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Ringing in the ears
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Titinus
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Meniere's disease can cause what?
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Vertigo, nausea, nystagmus, titinus, difficulty standing up, and hearning loss
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Because it only affects the VA, meniere's disease does not involve hearing loss.
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False; it affects cochlea and/or VA; can involve hearing loss
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Vincent Van Gough had nystagmus caused by brain damage.
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False; menier's disesase (vertigo, nausea, tittinus)
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Meniere's disease often affects only one ear.
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True
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Menier's disease often affects both ears
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False
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VVG suffered from Vertigo, Titinus, and Nausea, and he cut off which ear?
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Left ear
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Titinus is almost always associated with serious medical problems.
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False; usually not
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Olfactory mucosa are located where?
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Ceiling of nasal cavity
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Olfactory mucosa are located at the base of the nasal cavity.
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FAlse; ceiling of nasal cavity
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Olfactory mucosa are located at the ceiling of the olfactory bulb.
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F; celing of nasal cavity
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Olfactory mucosa contains olfactory receptor cells, which are complete neurons, not just receptor cells.
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True
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Olfactory mucosa contains olfactory receptor cells, which are ____.
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complete neurons, not just receptor cells
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Olfactory receptor cells have ___ extending from their ends, which contain receptors for specific odor molecules.
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True
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Where are receptors for specific odorant molecules located
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Cilia of olfactory receptor cells, which extend from ceiling of nasal cavity in olfactory mucosa
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Olfactory receptor cells are replaced every two months.
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True
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Cilia on olfactory receptor cells are replaced every two months.
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False; olfactory receptor cells themsleeves are replaced every 2 months
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Binding of odor molecule to receptor on cilia does what?
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ACtivates G proteins, stimulates cAMP production, opens Na+ channels, produces AP's.
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Binding of odor molecule to receptor activates G-proteins, which stimulates cGMP and opens Na+ channels, producing APs.
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False; G protein activation stimultaes cAMP production
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Binding of odor molecule to receptor deactivates G-proteins, which which inhibits cGMP and closes Na+ channels, so APs are not produced.
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false; binding of odor molecule ACTIVATES G proteins, increases cAMP production, and Na+ channels are OPENED! AP's are produced
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Axons from olfactory receptor cells travel through small holes in the cribiform plate, at the top of the nasal cavity, and synapse in the olfactory blub, which extends from the brain.
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True
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Axons from olfactory receptor cells travel through small holes in the cribiform plate, at the base the nasal cavity, and synapse in the olfactory blub, which extends from the spinal cord.
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False; Axons from olfactory receptors travel through small holes in cribiform plate at TOP of nasal cavity and synapse in the OB, which extends from the BRAIN
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Where do axons from olfactory neurons synapse?
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Olfactory bulb, extends directly from brain
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Axons from olfactory neurons synapse at the contralateral side of the nervous system, as well as in the olfactory bulb.
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FAlse only in OB
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Info from olfactory bulb is then transmitted to CNS by which route?
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Limbic system - subconcious; thalamus to temporal lobe - primary olfactory lobe of cortex - concious
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Transmission of info from OB to limbic system is subconcious.
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True
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Info from OB goes to temporal lobe through the limbic systme, then through the thalamus.
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Fasle; first through thalamus then to temporal lobe.
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Concious perception of smell occurs in the cortex.
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True
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there are 100 differnet types of olf. receptors.
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False; 1000; can identify 10,000 odors.
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How many differnet types of olf. receptors? How many different types of odors can we detect?
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1000; 10,000
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An odor typically causes only one type of receptor to be stimulated.
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False; numerous receptors are stimulated
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Olfactory system is slow adapting. Adaptation occurs in the olfactory receptor and CNS.
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False; QUICK adapting; adaptation occurs at CNS, NOT olfactory recetpor!!!!!
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Olfactory system is quick adapting. Adaptation occurs in the olfactory receptor and CNS.
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False; just at CNS.
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Human olfaction is very sensitive. Methyl mercaptan can be detected at 1/50 billion parts air.
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True
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Human olfaction is very sensitive. Methyl mercaptan can be detected at 1/50 thousand parts air.
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False 1/50 billion parts air
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Dogs have olfaction several thousand times better than humans.
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False; several HUNDRED times better.
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The VNO is the primary olfactory organ in many mammals.
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False; accessory olfactory organ
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Humans' VNO is anterior to olfactory mucosa.
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True
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Humans' VNO is posterior to olfactory mucosa.
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False; anterior to OM.
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The VNO detects pheromones, which are chemical signals given off by one individual, sensed by another indviidual.
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True
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Information from phermones is transmitted to thalamus and then to the cortex.
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False; it goes directly to LIMBIC system; subconcious
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Information from phermones is transmitted to where?
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Directly to limbic system; subconcious
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Dormitory syndrome is cuased by what?
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Pheromones; synchronized menstraul cycles
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Flehmen reaction does what?
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animals draw air into VNO in order to detect pheromones
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In the Flehmen reaction, animals draw air into the nasal cavity in order to detect pheromones.
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False; draw air into VNO.
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Flehmen reaction in cat. Where does she draw air? What is located here?
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Draws air in roof of mouth; small opening to VNO is located
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Humans have 1000 olfactory receptors and 10,000 taste buds.
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True
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Humans have 1000 taste buds and 10,000 olfactory receptors.
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False; 1000 OF;s 10K TB
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Many taste buds are located where?
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Upper surface of tongue; along eduges of papillae
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Many taste buds are found on the lower surface of tongue
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False; upper surface of tongue, along edges of mound-like papillae
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Taste buds are found where?
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Tongue, mouth cavity, and throat
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Each taste bund contains how many receptor cells?
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50
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Each taste bud contains 50 receptor cells, which are directly innervated by neurons.
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True
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Each taste bud contains 50 receptor cells, which are directly innervated by neurons. Binding of chemical produces GP in receptor cells, which stimulates neurotransmitter release in neuron, producing AP.
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True
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Each taste bud contains 50 receptor cells, which are directly innervated by neurons. Binding of chemical produces AP in receptor cells.
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False; produces GP in receptor cells, which stimulates neuron to release neurotransmitter, producing AP.
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Receptor cells on taste buds, but not neurons, are replaced every 10 days due to harsh environment.
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True
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Receptor cells on taste buds and their associated neurons are replaced every 10 days due to harsh environment.
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False; neurons are not replaced
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Receptor cells on taste buds, but not neurons, are replaced every two months due to harsh environment.
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False; replaced every 10 days
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Neurons innervate receptor cells on taste buds.
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True
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Neurons do not innervate receptor cells on taste buds.
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False; they do
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Gustatory info carried on what path?
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Brain stem; thalamus, then parietal lobe (cortical gustatory area)
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The cortical gustatory area is located on the occipital lobe.
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False; parietal lobe
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Umami responds to substances such as MSG (glutamate).
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True
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Umami responds to substances such as MSG (GABA).
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FAlse; glutamate
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Taste buds can only respond to one type of taste.
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False; specialize in one type but can respond to all types.
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How are we able to distinguish thousands of different tastes?
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Combinations of tastes allow
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Perception of how a food tastes includes both gustation and olfaction.
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True
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Taste sensations are decreased during a cold because taste buds are swollen.
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False; nasal passages are swollen.
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Why do taste sensations decrease during a cold?
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Swollen nasal passages
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