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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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biogeography |
geographic distribution of plants and animals patterns of distribution causes of distribution |
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mapping ranges of species |
distribution of individual species of past and present perform Survey and map individual, who is where quantify range draw polygon range is area under polygon intropolating = constructing new data points |
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range size distributions generalizations |
species have small geographic ranges/restricted no one perfect measure of bio range why are most species restricted ? speciation/ extinction, habitat specialization, physiological tolerance |
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european Starling range |
introduced to north america then spread across north america range expanded over time |
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Grizzly Bear RAnge |
range was large all over north america, but was reduced, local extinction events |
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physical and biotic factors to range limits |
1, physical how far south how far north barriers to dispersal= mountains,coastal temperature = physiological limit seasonality = low tolerance for fluctuation moisture and precipitation= terrestrial, rainfall salinity= ocean physiological ocean currents = invertebrates, larvae can be carried far away by current 2. no suitable habitat |
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range limits |
3. biotic competition, predation, mutualisms 4. adaptation and gene flow = every species starts in a place then individuals will spread abundant certain hypothesis, certain of ranges new ranges = new population further out of range range expansion = local adaptation move out gene flow form center = move range towards center |
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endemism |
occuring local, small range species endemic to location was to be endemic 1. originate and never disperse 2. extinction, range collapse |
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cosmopolitanism |
things that are found everywhere, very few species are found everywhere naturally human introductions are making species cosmopolitan leads to biotic homogenous |
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PRovinces |
no random distribution dsitinct fauna in region well defined region with specific fauna boundaries between 2 [rovinces sharp |
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species- area relationship |
S = c A ^z species= fitted constant times Area raised to fitted parameter # of species dependent on area and 2 parameters This is a fitted line scale dependent = larger area more species |
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Island biogeography theory |
explains varaition in # of species on islands, not only dependent on area oceanic or habitat islands= restricted to 1 habitat |
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habitat islands |
t heory = immigration rate high but goes down due to colonization, increasing competition for resource /// assumes no speciation as the island gets more crowded extinction goes up where these 2 cross indicates # of species at equilibrium size and how isolated/ Equilibrium graph |
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Diversity at different geo scales |
specify scale small = alpha = #species in sample large = gamma = species in region or in all samples medium = beta= measures # of extra species gained by combining samples |
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beta sample medium scale |
beta= total species #/ alpha ^ = average number of species per sample beta tells you turnover low beta = same species high beta = different species |
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shape of regional local diversity relationship |
type 2 saturated= limited resource determines # of species/ local limits type 1 = large scale more important , no saturation, regional control local effects trickle down # of species you expect to see in a area depends on species richness on the regional scale |
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MacroEcology young science comparative , non experimental |
large scale ecological patterns: to understand processes that structure major biodiv, patterns quantify statistical patterns abundance distribution diversity |
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macro ecology |
latitudinal diversity gradient patterns of body size / range size energy / diversity patterns size abundance |
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latitudinal diversity gradient |
species decreases rapidly equator to poles marine and terrestrial |
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density - dependent mortality for plants |
higher species density= lower seedling recruitment of that species allows species to co-exist high density attracts predators common in tropics negative density dependence= slope < 1 |
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species-energy hypothesis |
species richness of an area direct function of available energy, also increases with temp more energy = more biomass= more individuals= more species not ecological |
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tropics = cradle |
tropic has high speciation rate but same extinction rate as high latitudes |
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tropics= museum |
low extinction rate than high latitudes, same origination as high lat |
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body size distribution |
there are more small species than large but smallest also not common controled by energetic fractal dimension of habitat speciation / extinction rates |
