Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Social Influence
|
people around us influence thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
|
|
|
Conformity
|
Change in thoughts, feelings, and behavior to bring them in line with the social norm
|
|
|
Social Norm
|
Widely accepted ideas/rules about how people should behave or what they should believe
|
|
|
Obedience
|
Change of Behavior in response to direct orders
(authority figure has power to enforce orders) |
|
|
Persuasion
|
Doing what someone tries to convince you of
|
|
|
Conformity vs. Obedience
|
Obedience needs a AUTHORITY FIGURE, and you to do what they WANT, overt PRESSURE
(DECREASES similarity) Conformity: Need a GROUP, you COPY the group, UNSEEN PRESSURE. (INCREASES similarity) |
|
|
Cultural perceptions of conforming (America)
|
American culture stresses non conformance
Celebrates the rugged individualist |
|
|
Autokinetic Effect (Sherif)
|
Group must estimate the movement of a light
The light moves ambiguously, it has no fixed place. estimates converge on a group average The group perceptions stayed with each individual member even a year later when they were separated from the group CONCLUSIONS: we rely on others to interpret ambiguous stimulus |
|
|
Matching Lines Study (Asch)
|
8 confederates and 1 real subject had to choose which line (A, B, or C) matched the target line.
(CLEAR ANSWER WAS B) When they were asked alone they always got it right when they confederates gave their last trial as a WRONG ANSWER, 76% of subjects gave the same wrong answer. CONCLUSION: even when an answer is clear people go along with the group |
|
|
Information Influence
|
Desire for mastery of something
Assume others know Private acceptance of what you perceive others know to be correct A lack of confidence in the right answer skews this towards conformity Reliability of the info giver skews this towards conformity |
|
|
Relationships among other people is important (Wilder)
|
4 confederates state an opinion about a somewhat ambiguous lawsuit
present that group as one of the 3: 4 individuals 2 groups of 2 1 group of 4 people the more independent the people are perceived to be, (4 individuals Independent variable), the more conformity takes place. When the people are perceived to be apart of a group they are considered biased and ignorant CONCLUSIONS: when you are seen as in individual your ideas are assumed to be well thought out. Groups are seen as sheepish |
|
|
Normative Social Influence (the need to be accepted)
|
We conform so we can be liked or accepted by other people, sometimes we conform even when the behavior is risky or harmful.
When we believe rejection may come we conform because it's painful |
|
|
Normative Influence
|
Rejection causes extreme trauma and pain
public compliance is to maintain a feeling of belonging where private acceptance of a social belief may not exist. |
|
|
Compliance vs Acceptance
|
Sherif's study on Ambiguity (light study) was ACCEPTANCE (we accept what the group thinks when we don't know)
Asch's study on lines was COMPLIANCE (they knew what was right but felt pressured into consenting) overtime compliance may become acceptance (cognitive dissonance: I always hear this opinion and eventually believe it) |
|
|
How Group Size influences normative conformity
|
People conform more when there are more people
|
|
|
Milgram Building study (normative conformity and group size)
|
when 1 person is looking at a building 4% of people will look
when 15 people are looking 40% will look |
|
|
How social support influences normative conformity
|
When someone is backed up by an ally they feel more comfortable not conforming
|
|
|
Asch's ally study for line test (social support and normative conformity)
|
Added an ally who was blind
Ally gave incorrect or correct answer regardless of answer subjects felt comfortable answering CONCLUSIONS: social support of an ally helps us not conform |
|
|
Contagion
|
Rapid transmissions of emotions or behavior through a crowd
|
|
|
Mass Psychological Illness
|
The occurence, in a group of people, of a an illness with physical symptoms with no known cause
|
|
|
Pluralistic ignorance (Informational Influence backfiring)
|
We don't always know what others feels, and as a result may draw incorrect conclusions based off of group.
May enhance ---> stereotype threat (all the white people are doing well, maybe I suck because I'm black) May reduce ---> helping others (no one else is helping her, she must be fine) |
|
|
Interrogation and confession---> false confessions
(Informational Influence backfiring) |
Ambiguity is created through lengthy interviews in too hot or cold rooms, no social support is given, multiple officers may lie about evidence found to subject.
This confuses the subject and may make them falsely confess |
|
|
False Confession after interrogation---> Alt. Key
(Kassin Study) |
Subjects warned not to press an Alt. key
They do or don't someone comes in yelling they did regardless made to sign a confession 69% did sign when the confederate next to them said they did it 28% of those who signed believed they did it CONCLUSIONS: if someone tells you they are convinced you did something, and other people agree, you will probably agree regardless of reality |
|
|
High need for accuracy causes...
|
Increased Informational conformity and decreased normative conformity
|
|
|
Fate of the "non-conformer"
(Group discussion task study, Schachter) |
- Mode: agrees with group
- Slider: disagrees, then agrees - Deviate: disagrees the whole time Attention paid by group to different type of agreement or disagreement - Mode: little attention - Slider: lot of attention until conforming - Deviate: more and more attention until it becomes clear he won't budge, then is ignored People liked the: - Mode more then slider, more then deviate People assigned boring tasks to and kicked out: - Deviate CONCLUSIONS: People who don't conform are punished by a group |
|
|
Homans Study
"fate of the non conformer" |
Had someone work a factory job and not conform to the social structure of the factory workers
(worked hard so he could get benefits) resulted in him being assaulted and left alone |
|
|
Resisting Social Influence
|
Ask yourself critical questions:
Do other people know anymore? Is there expert who knows a lot? Do the actions of other people or the experts make sense? Will acting this way make me feel like I'm doing something wrong? |
|
|
Taking action when resisting social influence
|
Be aware it's operating
find an ally use idiosyncracy credits if you have them: "I always agree with you guys, so you know I'm with you, but this seems wrong" |
|
|
Minority Influence (moscovici)
|
Unambiguous obviously blue slides
6 person groups with two confederates control condition: all say blue experimental condition: 2 confederates say green 33% of the majority report seeing green in the experimental condition CONCLUSIONS: when we see another group resist the majority opinion we are more likely to give up conformity |
|
|
Factors for Minority Influence to work
|
Consistency, Consensus, and a larger minority group.
The consensus of the majority must be high Double Minority: If the opinion about the minority comes from the minority it is perceived to be self serving and is discounted Idiosyncracy Credits: Uncle tom black guy supports martin luther king |
|
|
Why are minorities persuasive?
|
Low consensus: most people disagree
High consistency: minority is consistent with their opinions Low distinctiveness: beliefs are consistent across situations People then conclude the minority has deep convictions and they make both a private and public acceptance of the new opinion. |
|
|
Low Ball (Norm of Honoring Agreement)
|
Give a good offer (car goes for 1,000)
then after they agree say, wait I forgot, there's a stereo that's worth 1,000 in there people will feel obligated to agree (dissonance if they don't (my behavior guides my feelings)) |
|
|
Cognitive Bolstering (Norm of Honoring agreements)
|
Take home a dog (or anything)
start to think of benefits of ownership and it as your possession Having something that connects with you creates a connection with your ego |
|
|
Give then take (giving and asking for a favor in return)
|
Giving somebody a dollar in the mail then asking for a donation increases the chances of donations.
(dissonance, people feel they have already taken it, they must pay) |
|
|
Door in the face technique (Caldinis delinquent kids study)
|
Make a large request
then decrease it makes it seem like they're doing something for you and it's hard to say no Caldini asked people to adopt, then when they said no asked them to spend weekends with them and people did |
|
|
Foot in the Door technique (American Cancer Society study)
|
Small request confirms you are apart of a group
Big request is more likely to be answered by a yes because people feel obliged to do something good for their group American Cancer Society study Sign this petition. Now would you mind spending an hour working the phones? 1000% increase in people working phones |
|
|
Foot in the Door technique and Self Perception/Dissonance processes
|
The initial request of the asker must be reasonable and large enough to show them they belong
can't be so big that they refuse to respond must seem like it was their choice |
