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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sexual reproduction
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Reproduction in which two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combination of genes inherited from gametes of both parents
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Asexual reproduction
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Reproduction from one parent
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Budding
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-New individuals form from the bodies of older animals
-Mitosis=Genetically identical to parent |
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Regeneration
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-Piece of organism forms complete individual
-Mitosis=Genetically identical to parent |
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Parthenogenesis
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-Offspring develops from unfertilized eggs
-Most species also engage in sexual reproduction at other times |
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Gametes
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Haploid cells that join to form a zygote
(sperm and egg) 1) Variation among gametes of one parent: -Meiosis=Genetic diversity -Crossing over -Independent assortment 2) Variation of gametes of two parents |
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Gametogenesis
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Making of gametes
1) Spermatogenesis 2) Oogenesis |
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Mating
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Getting gametes together
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Fertilization
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Fusing of gametes (n) sperm and (n) egg
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Zygote
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-Diploid (2n) formed by fertilization, that later develops into an embryo
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Vitelline envelope |
Protective proteinaceous cover surrounding the egg of sea urchins, which sperm must go through |
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Acrosome
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A membrane enclosed structure on the sperm head that contains enzymes and other proteins
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Blocks to polyspermy
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Prevent more than one sperm from entering the egg
1) Fast block 2) Slow block(Cortical reaction) |
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Cumulus
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-Follicle cells in a gelatinous matrix
-Does not trigger acrosomal reaction |
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Zona pellucida |
-Glycoprotein envelope below the cumulus -Species specific glycoproteins attach to sperm head and trigger acrosomal reaction |
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External fertilization |
-Eggs fertilized in the environment -Requieres environnement where eggs will not dry out or be too hot(aqueous) -Many gametes released when congregating with potential mates synchronized but day length, temperature, or weather |
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Internal fertilization |
-Release sperm into female reproductive tract -Produce fewer zygotes than external fertilization -More parental care to young
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Primary sex organs
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Gonads
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Accessory sex organs
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All other components of animals reproductive system including genitalia
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Copulation
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Joining male and female accessory sex organs
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Genitalia
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External sex organs
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Dioecious
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Species that have separate male and female members (humans)
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Monecious (Hermaphroditic)
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Species have single individual that produce both egg and sperm
-Simultaneous-earth worm -Sequential-clown fish |
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Oviparous
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Animals lay eggs that can withstand harsh environments
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Viviparous
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Animals retain embryo, which develops in reproductive tract.
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Semen |
Product of the male reproductive system 60% seminal fluid 30% prostate fluid 5% sperm Alkaline secretions |
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Testes (Testis)
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Where sperm are produced(paired gonads)
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Scrotum |
A pouch of skin outside the body cavity which holds the testes and maintains optimal temperature for sperm production |
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Epididymis
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-Where sperm mature and are stored
-Connects to urethra via vas deferens and ejaculatory duct |
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Urethra
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Common final duct for urinary and reproductive systems
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Vas deferens
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Conveys sperm from the epididymus to the urethra
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Ejaculatory duct |
Formed by the joining of the vas deferens and the seminal vesicle duct in the prostate gland |
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Seminal vesicles |
-Produce seminal fluid which empties into vas deferens -Contribute fructose to nourish sperm |
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Prostate gland
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-Produces prostate fluid
-Gives alkaline properties to neutralize acidity in male and female reproductive tracts |
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Bulbourethral glands
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Produces alkaline secretion which:
-Neutralizes acidity in urethra -Provide lubrication and facilitates sperm movement during climax |
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Penis
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Male genitalia composed of soft spongy erectile tissue derived form modified veins and capillaries
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Erection
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1) Sexual stimulation causes endothelial cells lining penile blood vessels to release NO(nitric oxide)
2) NO stimulates cGMP in smooth muscle cells causing them to relax, the arteries dilate and carry blood to the penis resulting in swelling and hardening |
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Ovaries (Ovary)
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-Female sex organ where eggs mature and are stored
-Contains many follicles |
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Follicle
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-Cells that surround and provide nutrients to immature eggs
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Ovulation
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Releases the egg into the abdominal cavity
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Oviducts
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The tube transporting the egg from the outside the ovary to the uterus via the fimbria
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Uterus
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Where the embryo will develop if the egg is fertilized.
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Cervix
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A narrow region at the bottom of the uterus where the which opens to the vagina
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Endometrium
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The epithelial lining the uterus
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Vagina
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In females, the entry into the reproductive tract
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Germ cells
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-Produce gametes
-Present in early development and distinct from somatic cells |
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Spermatogenesis
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Gametogenesis leading to production of mature sperm cells
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Seminiferous tubules
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-Tubules in the testes where spermatogenesis occurs
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Spermatogonia
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-Diploid progeny(2n) of a germ cell
-Mitosis |
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Primary Spermatocyte Secondary Spermatocyte |
1) Diploid(2n) progeny of a spermatogonium; undergoes the first meiotic division to form secondaryspermatocytes. 2) One of the products of the first meiotic division of aprimary spermatocyte(Haploid) |
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Spermatids
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4 haploid product of the second meiotic division of a primary spermatocyte
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Sperm
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Male gamete
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Oogenesis
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Production of mature unfertilized egg
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Oogonium
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Diploid progeny(2n) of a germ cell in females
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Primary Oocyte
Secondary Oocyte |
1) Diploid(2n) progeny of anoogonium
2) Daughter cell of the first meiotic division thatreceives almost all the cytoplasm |
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Ootid
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Daughter cell of second meiotic division that differentiates into a mature ovum
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Ova
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Female gamete
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Polar body
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Daughter cell receiving almost no cytoplasm that will degenerate
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Leydig cells |
-Cells between seminiferous tubules that produce testosterone -Stimulated by LH |
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Sertoli cells
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-Cells in seminiferous tubules that envelop, nourish and protect developing sperm cells
-Produce inhibin to exert negative feedback |
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Ovarian cycle
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One of two female reproductive cycles that produces eggs and hormones
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Uterine (Menstrual) cycle
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Second of two female reproductive cycles that prepare endometrium for embryo
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Menopause
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The end of fertility
-May only be a few oocytes left in each ovary |
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Corpus luteum
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-Endocrine gland that develops from the follicle cells left in the ovary after releasing the egg
-Produce estrogen and progesterone for 2 weeks -Degenerates if no fertilization |
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Menstruation
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The process by which the endometrium breaks down and is the sloughed-off tissue including blood flows from the body through the vagina
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Blastocyst
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Early embryo formed by the first division of the zygote
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Pregnancy (gestation)
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Ther period in which the embryo of a mammal develops in the uterus
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Trimesters
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The three divisions of pregnancy
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Fetus
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Medical and legal term for stages of a human developing embryo from about the eighth week of pregnancy
-Point at which all major adult structures are present in rudimentary form |
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Placenta
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Tissues form the growing blastocyst and endometrium that provide for nourishment of fetus and elimination of fetal waste
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Organogenesis |
Period during the first trimester when organs and organ systems form -Heart beats by week 4 -Limbs form by week 8 |
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Human chorionic gonadotropin
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-A hormone produced by the a layer of cells covering the blastocyst
-Basis for pregnancy test -Stimulates the corpus luteum to produce estrogen and progesterone to maintain endometrium and prevent menstration |
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Contraception
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Various method that prevent fertilization or implantation and vary widely in effectiveness
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Abortion
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Termination of pregnancy after a fertilized egg has implanted
-Spontaneous -Medical intervention |
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Artificial insemination
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Sperm placed in female reproductive tract
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Assisted reproductive technologies
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Unfertilized eggs are removed from ovary, combined with sperm outside of the body and replaced in female
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What are the pros of sexual reproduction?
Cons? |
Pros:
Genetic diversity Cons: -Less efficient-males produce no offspring -Mating behavior has costs and risk -Time and energy costs -Risk of exposure to predation/physical damage |
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What are the pros of asexual reproduction?Cons?
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Pros:
-No energy for mating -No problem finding mate -Preservation of successful phenotype Cons: -No genetic diversity |
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Three common modes of asexual reproduction
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1) Budding
2) Regeneration 3) Parthenogenesis |
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Steps in fertilization?
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1. Sperm and egg recognize each other
2. Activation of sperm 3. Plasma membrane fuses 4. Egg blocks entry of additional sperm 5. Egg is activate metabolically 6. Egg and sperm nuclei fuse |
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What is a Fast block?
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-Happens 1-3 sec after sperm binds to vitalize layer and last ~1 min
-Na+ influx causes membrane depolarization |
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What is a slow block(Cortical reaction)?
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Series of changes where the outer zone of the egg cytoplasm become I'm penetrable to sperm
1) Sperm entry trigger release of Ca2+ and cortical granules fuse to plasma membrane and release contents 2) Granule enzyme dissolve bonds between vitalize envelope and plasma membrane 3) Water entry causes swelling and formation of fertilization envelope 4) Enzymes degrade sperm binding receptors and envelope hardens |
