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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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loss of function mutations
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mutations that do not allow the protein to function correctly or the protein is not made at all
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parts of translation
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promoter-starts
regulatory sequence-codes for gene expression coding sequence-codes for protein terminator-signals end |
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Shine Dalgarno sequence
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Ribosomal binding site
Where ribosome binds, translation initiates at the next START codon |
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which strand physically has start codon
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RNA.
DNA coding strand is ATG. complementary strand is TAC |
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RNA Polymerase makes a ______ of the dna
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complementary copy
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mRNA
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encodes sequence to be translated
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tRNA
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brings AA to ribosome and mRNA
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sigma factor
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Binds to the core enzyme to direct it to the promoter so core enzyme knows where to start synthesizing the transcript
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Core enzyme
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Synthesizes the RNA transcript
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Holoenzyme
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Core + sigma factor - goes trucking down the DNA looking for a promoter to initiate transcription
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Closed Complex
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DNA has not been unwound, hydrogen bonding is still in place
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Open Complex
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Hydrogen bonding between strands of DNA has been broken
RNA polymerase creates it |
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what makes the RNA
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ribonucleoside
triphosphates |
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mechanisms for termination. what seperates, how
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once template dissociates, so does RNA. Rho catches up from stem loop in open compex
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intrinsic termination
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other mechanism besides rho...U rich sequence causes dissociation
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Amino terminals of histones are modified in various ways 3 ways
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Acetylation; phosphorylation; methylation
loosens them up |
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Trimming/
Processing |
splits long into short
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RNA splciing
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introns stay inside nucleus are spliced out. Bacteria does not splice
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RIBOZYME
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self splicing enzyme
group I and II |
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splicosome
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group 3, requires enymatic activity
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hnRNA
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heterogeneous nuclear RNA-same as pre-mRNA
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alternative splicing
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in different tissues different exons are used to form DIFFERENT PROTEINS FROM THE SAME GENE 30 % genes alt spliced
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5’ Capping
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protect it from degradation and also to tell the eukaryotic ribosome where to start translating
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3’ Tailing
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Helps protect mRNA from degradation, keeps it stable, and seems to increase translation
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RNA Modification
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Covalently modifies bases (to something other than U, A, T or C) for enhanced function, usually in tRNA
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Base Modification
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Covalent changes, for tRNA function
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