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98 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
oceanic crust recycled by?
continental crust? |
plate tectonics
weatherng, erosion, deep melting |
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oceanic crust age
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200 my, avg 70 my
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continental crust age
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3800 my, avg 650 My
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abyssal plains
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cool, subsided
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active margin
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convergent or transform fault, earthquakes, volcanism
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passive margin
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tectonically quiet
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cont. shelf
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submerged continental crust, 25%, gently sloping
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cont. slope
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steep slope, overjoin with cont. and oceanic crust
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cont. rise
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gently slope
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proton
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pos, ~ 1 amu
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neutron
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0, ~1 amu
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electron
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neg, ~.00055 amu
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nucleus
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protons, neutrons,
very small, dense |
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electrons in orbitals
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organized by energy shells
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electrically neutral
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electrons=protons
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element
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unaltered in chemical reaction
- fundamental substances into which matter can be separated by chemical means |
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atom
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smalles unit with properties of an element
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Z
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number of protons in nucleus
, 1<Z<92 |
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Atomic mass
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Z + N
1,A,238 |
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isotopes
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atoms of same element (Z number)
- same chem. behavior - diff, nuclear behavior different number of neutrons |
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radioactive decay
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spontaneous, nucleus of one element > nucleaus of another
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periodic table
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elements arranged by Z number
- rows- energy level - columns- groups, same electron configuration, chemical similarities |
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inert/ noble gas
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no tendancy to react
fall energy |
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continental crust, elements
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O, Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Na, K
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whole earth, elements
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Fe, O, Si, Mg, Ni, S, Ca, Al
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abundant elements are
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light
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compounds
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elements chemically bonded in definite proportions
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bonding
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electrons attracted to each other
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pure elements in nature
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gas- h2, n2, o2, he
liquid- Hg solid- au, ag, pt, cu, s, c |
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ion
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atom which has gained or lost one electron
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cation
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loss of election- + charge
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anion
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add election- - charge
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complex ion-
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bonded group of atoms with net positive or net negative charge
CO3-2 |
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ionic bonding
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complete e- transfer
attraction of opposite charges |
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covalent bonding
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equal e- sharing
ex. some pure elements like N2, Diamond |
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real bonds
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incomplete transfer, unequal sharing
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regularities in periodic table
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noble gases, no ions
o group, f group- anions otherwise- cations |
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continental crust made up of
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O-2 and Si+4
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mineral
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natural, solid, specific chemical composition, characteristic crystal structure
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polymorph
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same compostiion, different structures
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minderal properties
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- crysatl form
- cleavage - color, streak - hardness - density, specific gravity |
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cleavage
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tendancy to break along planar surfaces
- preferred orientation - relatively weak bonding NaCl |
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color
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reflects composition
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hardness
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releative resistance to scratching
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moh scale
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measures harness
10- diamond 1- talc |
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density
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mass/ volume
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most cont. crust minderals are
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2.5-3 g/cm^3
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specific gravity=
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mass/mass of equal vol. of water
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silicate minerals
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classification by anion
- based on SiO4 4- tetrahedron |
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reduce net negative charge by O sharing
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polymerization
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silicate mineral classes
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single tetrahedron(no O sharing)
ring structures (+ cations) single chains (+cations) double chains sheet structures 3 d networks |
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single tetrahedron
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no O sharing, cations,
olivine, garnets |
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ring structures
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cations
beryl, ore of Be |
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single chains
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cations
pyroxenes rockforming |
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double chain
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cations besides Si 4+
amphiboles rock forming |
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sheet structures
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cations besides si 4+
micas- fillers, insulators clay minerals- fillers, ceramics, absorbents |
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three dimensional networks
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quartz, felspars
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as single tetrahedron moves towards a 3-d network
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0 sharing increases (polymerization)
atom ratio decreases electrical charge per Si(-4-0) |
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ferromagnesian minerals
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high Fe, dark, dense
olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, biotite |
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non silicate minerals (by anion)
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sulfides, oxides, halides, carbonates, sulfates
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sulfides
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galena- ore of Pb, batteries
spahalerite- ore of zn, brass chalcopurite- ore of Cu |
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oxides
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hematie
magnetite al oxide |
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halides
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NaCl, evaporation of seawater
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carbonates
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calcium carbonates- calcite, aragonite
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sulfates
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evap of seawater, second most abundant anion
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phosphates
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ca phosphate, apatite
vertebrate bones, teeth ionic substitution fertilizer phosphoric acid |
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pyroxens
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rock forming minerals
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mineral deposit
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volume of rock enriched in one or more minerals
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ore
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mineral deposit from which minerals can be extracted profitably
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profitability
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grade of deposit, concentration of mineral/element of interest
- require enrichment relative to avg. |
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costs of production
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mining, benefication (removal), gangue(worthless mineral components), refinery, transporation to market
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gold stable from:
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1935-1971
35$ a troy oz. |
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depletion allowance
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deducaiton from taable income based on eventual exhaustion of resource
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resource
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concentration of material currently or potentially economically feasable
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reserves
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exonomically extractable at present
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hypothetical resource
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known mining distric undiscoveresd deposits
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speculative resource
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geologic settings similar to known deposits
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rock
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naturally formed, non living, firm, coherent, solid
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2 elements of rock classification
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mode of origen, properities of specimen
- minerals, chem composition - ttexture- grains, grain size, shape orientation |
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lithification
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interlocking grains, growth from fluid
cement mineral in spaces between grains |
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rocks strong in
rocks weak in |
compression
tension |
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sediment
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regolith that has been transported and deposited
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metamorphism
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changes due to elevated T,P
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magma
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molen rock, suspended grains, dissolved gases
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total cont. crust
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95% igneous, 5 % sedimentary
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surface crust
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75% sedimentary, 25% igneous
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intrusive
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cooled within crust, slowly
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extrusive
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colled at surface or seafloor, rapidly
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phaneritic
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visible to the eye
- intrusive=large grains |
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aphanitic
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visible only with magnification
extrusive, obsidian |
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porphyritic
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large grains in fine matrix
slow-phenocrysts, rapid- matrix |
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grain packing
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lithification by interlocking grains
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common minerals:
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silicates such as olivines, pyroxens, amphiboles, micas feldspars, quartz
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pyroclast
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rock ejected during volcanic eruption
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tephra
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unlithified cumulation of pyroclasts
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bomb
lapilli ash |
>64 mm in diameter fall close in
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lithification of igneous particles
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particles fuse together while still hot, ementation
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minerals typical of extreme compostitions
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granite- Na feldspar
basaltic- Ca feldspar |