Lecture 1 - Territoriality

Front 1

HOMOLOGY

Back 1

= Behavior pattern that is common to genetically similar species and probably inherited from a common ancestor.

Front 2

ANALOGY

Back 2

= Behavior pattern common to species that are not genetically similar.

Front 3

Territorial behavior

Back 3

- Organism treats some physical area as its own or as belonging to its social group.
- Marks the boundaries of the physical area in some way.
- Actively defends the physical space from members of its own species, from other species, or from sub-groups of its own species.

Front 4

Personal space

Back 4

- imaginary boundary around ourselves that we do not allow other people to intrude on.
• Can not “attack” someone if the space is maintained
• Space is larger when talking to a stranger than a friend
• The distance for male to male distance is larger than than male to female
• The distance from parents is larger than from peers for college students
• Westerners stand farther away from one another
• If from prison the distance is 3 times as large

Front 5

Making use of personal space knowledge?

Back 5

- Avoid getting caught when working as a spy
- Avoid cross- cultural misunderstandings
- Design less violent prisons
- Discover who your “real” friends are

Front 6

Territorial behavior

Back 6

- Organism treats some physical area as its own or as belonging to its social group.
- Marks the boundaries of the physical area in some way.
- Actively defends the physical space from members of its own species, from other species, or from sub-groups of its own species.

Front 7

Sparrow Territorial behavior

Back 7

-the male will separate when the female sparrow returns after the winter

Front 8

Wolves Territorial behavior

Back 8

- male and females have their own territory although they hunt in packs

Front 9

Praire dog Territorial behavior

Back 9

- family livng, burrow in the groud and eat the roots of the grass, huge communities, although they like to live with just their family, kissing is how the praire dogs determine if they are family

Front 10

Why do humans kiss?

Back 10

- Seeing if the person is viable to a mate
- Seeing if they are biologically healthy, females are very good at recognizing the chemicals within saliva

Front 11

Advantages of terrirtoriality in nonhuman species

Back 11

- Safety = safer in property that you are highly familiar with, example) mice, hiding takes less time in familiar territory
- Regulates sexual pairings= without territory a female will not mate with them
- Maximizes food resources = when spread out there is more food
- Lowers incidence of fatal aggression = conflict decrease as territory increases.

Front 12

Altman’s Typology of Human Territories

Back 12

- primary
- secondary
- public

Front 13

Important aspects of territories

Back 13

- Physical features
- Motives satisfied
- Social unit
- Temporal duration

Front 14

Primary Territories

Back 14

- Physical features = highly decorates with personal items
- Motives satisfied = Privacy; Control of access
- Social unit = Individual, family, street gang
- Temporal duration = Month to a lifetime

Front 15

Secondary territories

Back 15

= places over which an individual or group has some control or regulatory power but not to the same degree as in the case of primary territories.

Front 16

Public Territories

Back 16

- Physical features = Not highly decorated; no “personal” items
- Motives satisfied = Venue for social interaction; Aesthetic needs
- Social unit = Team, college community, city residents, etc.
- Temporal duration = Minutes or hours

Front 17

Social functions of Human territories

Back 17

- Stabilizes social organization & interaction
- Regulates degree or intensity of contact with others
- Provides extended personal or group identity
- Enhances performance/dominance of owners

Front 18

Performance/dominance enhancement examples

Back 18

- Physicians and home versus office visits = In the office the people are more passve and listen than when at home
- Martindale’s mock jury discussion study= when discussing the trial, the student whos room that they were in made the individual much more dominate; Personalities do not matter, all that matters is the place that people are in
- Home field advantage

Front 19

Dartmouth “Problem” Territories

Back 19

- Fraternity basements.
- Softball & Frisbee games on the green.
- Tables in Thayer dining hall.
- Study tables or computer stations in Baker/Berry.

Front 20

Ardrey’s concept of the ritualization of territrial motives: is football just a game?

Back 20

- we cant work on territorial means anymore, because we are too populized
- we need to ritualize out territorial motives
- we can do this through football, splitting half the field, goal is to take over the other half of the field
- watching this game satisfies the ritual of territorial gains.