Lecture 1 Immunology

Front 1

What does the immune system consist of?

Back 1

Innate (non-adaptive) and adaptive components that work together to maximize the elimination of pathogens

Front 2

What does innate immunity consist of?

Back 2

Consists of proteins such as complement proteins, lyosozymes, defensins (anti-microbial peptides) in the blood and other bodily fluids as well as phagocytic cells (marcophases and neutrophiles) which recognize classes of molecules that are peculiar to pathogens

Front 3

What does adaptive immunity consist of?

Back 3

Lymphocytes and the antibodies and other moelcules (like cytokines) produced by lymphocytes

Front 4

What components does adaptive immunity recognize?

Back 4

They recognize and respond to specific molecules on pathogens and can selectively eliminate pathogens and foreign molecules

Front 5

What are the three levels of defense?

Back 5

1) Anatomical and physiolgoical barriers
2) Innate immunity (non specific)
3) Adaptive immunity specific

Front 6

What is the difference between the speeds of response between innate immunity and adaptive immunity?

Back 6

Innate immunity is fast action because it does not depend on cell proliferation whereas adaptive immunity depends on cell proliferation and it takes longer so for example, if you have a cold, you will be sick for a while and then after a week or so you will start to get better.(that's adaptive immunity)

Front 7

What are examples of anatomical barriers?

Back 7

1) Skin: porvides physical barrier
2) Cilia in respiratory system (push bacteria upward until t hey are swallowed)
3)Stomach acid (kills swallowed pathogens)
4) Tears, sailva and other secretions (contains enzymes that digest bacterial cell walls)

Front 8

What is the difference between the immune response and the adaptive immune response?

Back 8

Immune response
-Quick standard and simple response that eliminates some pathogens
Adaptive Response
-Slower, tailor-made for specific pathogen resulting in a more sophisticated targeted resposne

Front 9

What happens if the innate system fails in prevention an infection from being established?

Back 9

If the innate immune system fails, it prepares the adaptive immune system for mounting more effective immune repsonses against the pathogen

Front 10

What are the routes of infection?

Back 10

We have two ways:
Mucosal surfaces (mucus membrane) vs External epithelia

Front 11

What are the mucosal surfaces that can be infected?

Back 11

Airway (from influenza)
Gastrointestinal tract ( diarrhea due to contaiminated food)
Reproductive tract (STD)

Front 12

What are the external epithelia surfaces that can be infected?

Back 12

External surface (Athlete's foot)
Wounds and abrasions (cutaneous antrax, tetanus)
Insect bites (yellow fever, lyme disease, malaria)

Front 13

Where do blood cells come from?

Back 13

They come from undifferentiated cells in the bone marrow called hematopoietic stem cells

Front 14

How do hematopoietic stem cells differentiate into the various types of blood cells that we know about?

Back 14

It depends on the cytokine environment that the cell is exposed to.

Front 15

What are cytokines?

Back 15

Cytokines are proteins made by cells that affect the behaviour of other cells

Front 16

Aside from producing red blood cells, what 2 lineages can stem cells break off to?

Back 16

Stem cells can become myeloid precursor cells or lympohid precursor cells

Front 17

What do myeloid precursor cells give rise to?

Back 17

Monocytes, marcophages, neutrophiles, basophiles, mast cells, and eosinophils (which are granulocytes)

Front 18

What do the lympohoid precursor cells give rise to?

Back 18

T lymphocytes (t cells) and B lymphocytes (B cells)

Front 19

What do monocytes differentiate to?

Back 19

When monocytes leave the blood and migrate into tissues or organs they become macrophases

Front 20

The myeloid precursor cell also give rise to _____ and _______

Back 20

platelets and red blood cells

Front 21

Where do dendritic cells and natural killer cells come from?

Back 21

Dendritic cells are also derived from stem cells in bone marrow and they can come from the lymphoid precursor cell or the myeloid precursor cell

Front 22

What's so special about dendritic cells?

Back 22

-They are present in tissues and lymphoid organs (the circulatory systems) and they can capture and present peptides to T cells.
-It is most important cell for activating T cells and thereby initiating the adaptive immune response

Front 23

Patients without thymus are _____

Back 23

immunodeficient

Front 24

What does the B in B lymphocytes mean?

Back 24

It means bone marrow derived and these b cells make antibodies and are also known as plasma cells

Front 25

What is the importance of the circulatory system?

Back 25

So the cells of the immune system can be distributed throughout the whole body. The lymphatic system and the blood system are interconnected so that the immune cells can be everywhere in the body

Front 26

What does the lymphatic system do in a general sense?

Back 26

Lymphatic system connects tissues,

Front 27

Where are the cells of the immune system found?

Back 27

Blood circulatory system
Lymphatic Circulatory system
Lymphoid organs

Front 28

How does the lympatic system work?

Back 28

Fluid in tissues drain into lymphatic capiliaries and then into the lymph nodes which are scattered all over the body
-Lymphatic fluid drains into the circulatory system via the thoractic duct located near the heart

Front 29

In general what occurs at the 1* lymphoid

Back 29

They are the sites where the developing lymphocytes mature and become committed to particular antigen specificty

Front 30

What is lymphocyte?

Back 30

A white blood cell

Front 31

What are primary lymphoid organs?

Back 31

Bone marrow and the thymus

Front 32

What occurs at the 2* lymphoid?

Back 32

It is the places where lymphocytes encounter foreign molecules or pathogens and where adaptive immune response occur.

Front 33

Bone Marrow

Back 33

Primary site for producing B cells and stem cells

Front 34

Thymus

Back 34

Primary site for producing T cells

Front 35

What are the 2* lymphoid organs?

Back 35

Spleen
lymph nodes
Bone Marrow

Front 36

Spleen

Back 36

primary site for adaptive immune resposne

Front 37

lymph nodes

Back 37

primary site for adaptive immune response

Front 38

bone marrow

Back 38

secondary site for adaptive immune response

Front 39

Where do Mature b cells circulate?

Back 39

Continually b etween the blod, the lymp, and the 2* lymphoid organs

Front 40

Where do mature T cells circulate?

Back 40

They circulate between the blod, the lymph and the 2* lymphoid organs

Front 41

What is lymph fluid?

Back 41

It is a clear fluid similar to blood but lacks red blood cells

Front 42

So we have microbes that breached the anatomical barriers of the cell, what now?

Back 42

We have macrophases in the tissue that is equipped with surface Pattern Recognition Receptors PRR that identify the microbe as dangerous and with attachment receptors and opsonic receptors that can bind to and facilitate the phagocytosis of the pathogen

Front 43

How do the cells involved in innate immunity recognize the presence of a pathogen?

Back 43

It is based on receptors that recognize common patterns that are present on the pathogens that we encounter

Front 44

Many pathogens are prokarytotes. What kind of molecular structures do they have? And what are these structures called?

Back 44

Their molecular structures are shared by large groups of pathogens, are not produced by multii-cellular host organisms and do not undergo frequent mutation. These structures are called Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns or PAMPS

Front 45

What are examples of PAMPS

Back 45

1) Flagellin protein of bacterial flagella
2) Peptidoglycan of Gram-positive bacteria
3) Lipopolysaccharide of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria

Front 46

Pattern Recogniition Receptors PRR's

Back 46

What are they? Many of molecules involved in innate immunity have the property of pattern recnogition and these molecules are called PRRs and they reocgnize the PAMPS that are common in microorganism but are not found in multicellular organisms

Front 47

What can PRR's be?

Back 47

They can be soluble proteins that circulate the blood, lymph, or mucus secretions or they can be cell-associated membrane receptors

Front 48

PRRs are either receptors that promote _____ or receptors that initiate a signal that leads to the ______ of molecules that are effective for defense against pathogens

Back 48

Phagocytosis ------- synthesis