Lecture 1

Front 1

ANATOMY

Back 1

The study of the structure of an organism

Front 2

PHYSIOLOGY

Back 2

The study of the function of an organism’s anatomy

Front 3

Anatomical Position

Back 3

The body is erect. The palms, arms, and hands face forward.

Front 4

Superior

Back 4

Above

Front 5

Inferior

Back 5

below

Front 6

Anterior/Ventral

Back 6

refers to the front surface of the body

Front 7

Posterior/Dorsal

Back 7

toward the back or back surface.

Front 8

Prone

Back 8

on the belly

Front 9

Supine

Back 9

– on the back

Front 10

Lateral

Back 10

– related to the side

Front 11

Proximal

Back 11

– nearest point of attachment

Front 12

Distal

Back 12

– furthest away from point of attachment

Front 13

Rostral

Back 13

- toward the front/anterior (Latin rostrum=beak)

Front 14

Caudal

Back 14

– toward the back/posterior (Latin caudum=tail)

Front 15

Plane

Back 15

is a flat or relatively smooth surface. Refers to the imaginary Axes of thebody.

Front 16

Axis (plural axes)

Back 16

is a real or imaginary line running through the center of the body.

Front 17

CoronalPlane

Back 17

– divides the body into front and back sections

Front 18

Sagittal Plane

Back 18

– divides the body into left and right portions

Front 19

Transverse Plane

Back 19

– divides the body into upper and lower halves

Front 20

Flexion

Back 20

• Towards the front
• bending at a joint, toward the ventral surface (two ventral surfaces coming together)
  

Front 21

Extension

Back 21

• towards the back
• opposite of flexion – act of pulling two ends farther apart (returning to extended position)
  

Front 22

Hyperextension

Back 22

– example is arching back (also known as dorsiflexion)

Front 23

Plantar

Back 23

– refers to the sole of the foot –

Front 24

plantar grasp reflex –

Back 24

• stimulation of the sole of the foot causes the toe of the feet to “grasp” (Babinski sign)
  
• grasp only happens when you're an infant
• in infants toes spread out

Front 25

Palmar

Back 25

– refers to the palm of the hand

Front 26

Palmar reflex

Back 26

– stimulating the palm of the hand causes the fingers to grasp

Front 27

Pronation

Back 27

• Palm facing down
• hand rotates so that the palmar surface is directed inferiorly
  

Front 28

Supination

Back 28

• palm facing up
• hand rotates so that the palmar surface is directed superiorly
  

Front 29

singular word ends with an

Back 29

“a” (such as pleura)

Front 30

plural will most likely be

Back 30

“ae” (pleurae)

Front 31

If the words ends with “us” (such as locus)

Back 31

Then its singular

Front 32

(loci) with an “i”

Back 32

will be plural

Front 33

Word ending in “um” such as datum & stratum it is in the

Back 33

singular form

Front 34

Data & strata words ending in “a” is in the

Back 34

plural form

Front 35

Tissues Aggregates

Back 35

• Aggregate =collective, combined
  
• four basic tissues are used to form larger structures such as organs - aggregates of tissue with a functional unity (tissues of an organ serve the same general purpose)
  

Front 36

What are the 4 types of tissues?

Back 36

• Epithelial
  
• Connective
• Muscle
• Nervous

Front 37

Epithelial

Back 37

-refers to superficial layer of mucous membrane (Paucity=scarcity-small number). Larynx is made up of layers of epithelial tissue.

Front 38

Connective

Back 38

-Most complex. Specialized for the purpose of support (blood is a fluid connective tissue - blood cells arise from within the marrow of bone which is also connective tissue)

Front 39

Muscle

Back 39

-specialized contractile tissue (muscle tissue can be stimulated to contract)

Front 40

Nervous

Back 40

-Highly specialized communicative tissue. This means that it consists of variations of neurons/nerve cells. The function of nervous tissue is to transmit information from one neuron to another, from neuron to muscle, or from sensory receptors to other neural structures.

Front 41

What tissue forms the top layer of vocal folds?

Back 41

Epithelial Tissue

Front 42

What are the functions of the Epithelial Tissues?

Back 42

• to serve to protect, cleanse, lubricate, and aid in vibration (vf’s)
  
• provides the good voice quality

Front 43

Internal membranes the are continuous with the skin and mucous membrane lining of the digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts or tubes are

Back 43

Form by Epithelial Tissue

Front 44

What are the 4 types of Connective Tissue?

Back 44

• Loose (areolar & adipose)
  
• Fibrous (ligaments & cartilage)
• Blood
• Bone (headset)

Front 45

Which tissue connects or binds structures together, support the body and assist in bodily maintenance?

Back 45

Connective Tissue

Front 46

What are the 3 types of Fibrous Connective Tissue?

Back 46

• Yellow Elastic
• Hyaline Cartilage
• Yellow (elastic) cartilage

Front 47

Yellow elastic

Back 47

– areas requiring recoil such as trachea, cartilage, bronchi, and lungs

Front 48

Hyaline cartilage

Back 48

– on costal cartilage of ribs, larynx, trachea and bronchial passageways

Front 49

Yellow (elastic) cartilage

Back 49

–found on pinna of ear and epiglottis

Front 50

What are the 3 types of Muscle Tissue?

Back 50

• Striated
• Smooth
• Cardiac

Front 51

Striated

Back 51

– skeletal, voluntary muscle

Front 52

Smooth

Back 52

– visceral (Organs)- muscle of internal organs, involuntary (gastrointestinal tract)

Front 53

Cardiac

Back 53

– combination of striated and smooth, involuntary

Front 54

Nervous Tissue

Back 54

• transfer information (communicating tissue)
• Highly specialized
  

Front 55

What are the 6 types of Tissue Aggregates?

Back 55

1. Fascia
2. Ligament
3. Tendons
4. Bones
5. Joints
6. Muscle

Front 56

Fascia

Back 56

– surrounds organs

• sheetlike membrane that may be thick or thin (dense or filmy)
• striated muscle is surrounded by perimysium (fascia around muscle).
  

Front 57

Ligament

Back 57

– refers to “binding”

• visceral ligaments bind organs together or hold structures in place skeletal ligaments bind bone to bone.
  

Front 58

Tendons

Back 58

– attach muscle to bone or cartilage

• have the same form as the muscles they serve
• (i.e., compact tubular muscles have long, thin tendons)
  

Front 59

When a tendon is sheetlike it’s called an

Back 59

aponeurosis (singular). Aponeuroses are much like fascia except that they are denser.

Front 60

Bones

Back 60

begin as cartilaginous mass hardens overtime. Generally, bones have a cartilaginous portion (rib cage).

Front 61

Joints

Back 61

unions of bones with other bones, or cartilage with other cartilage classified based on the degree of movement that they allow.

Front 62

Muscle

Back 62

• combination of muscle fibers
• morphology (form) depends on function
• origin - point of attachment least mobile)
• insertion - point of attachment that moves with contraction; more distant from body
• agonists (+) vs. antagonists (-) vs. synergists (stabilize) innervated by nerves (afferent or efferent)
  

Front 63

What are the 3 types of Joints?

Back 63

• Fibrous
  
• Cartilaginous
• Synovial

Front 64

Fibrous joints (immobile)

Back 64

- (i.e., sutures between bones of the skull are not intended to move)

Front 65

Cartilaginous joints (limited movement)

Back 65

– cartilage provides union between two bones Ossifies through aging.

Front 66

Synovial joints (highly mobile)

Back 66

– include a joint cavity which contains synovial fluid (lubricating substance) contained within an articular capsule.

Front 67

Name the 8 types of body systems.

Back 67

• Muscular
• Skeletal
• Respiratory
• Digestive
• Reproductive
• Urinary
• Endocrine
• Nervous
  

Front 68

Name the systems needed for Speech and Voice (6)

Back 68

• Respiratory
  
• Phonatory
• Resonatory
• Articulatory
• Nervous
• Auditory

Front 69

Respiratory (lungs)

Back 69

– the “power source” for speech and voice.

Front 70

Phonatory (larynx)

Back 70

– provides the voicing (all vowels and certain phonemes)

Front 71

Resonatory (vocal tracts)

Back 71

– filters acoustic source provided by voicing

Front 72

Articulatory (vocal tracts)

Back 72

– shapes and modifies the acoustic source provided by voicing-or other movements to produce speech sounds

Front 73

Nervous systems (CNS and PNS)

Back 73

– controls musculature, receives and makes sense of input information

Front 74

Auditory system

Back 74

– Processes speech and non speech acoustic signals received and perceived by listener.

Front 75

True or False? Speech and voice require integratedaction and coordination of all systems.

Back 75

True

Front 76

Mastication

Back 76

– process of chewing

Front 77

Deglutition

Back 77

– process of swallowing