Lecture 1

Front 1

The _______________ or gastrointestinal (GI) tract digests and absorbs food􀂃

Back 1

alimentary canal

Front 2

what makes up the Alimentary canal ?

Back 2

mouth

pharynx

esophagus

stomach

small intestine

large intestine 􀂃

Front 3

What are the Accessory digestive organs?

Back 3

teeth,

tongue,

gallbladder,

salivary glands,

liver, and

pancreas

Front 4

The GI tract is a “disassembly” line􀂃 Nutrients become more available to the body in each step􀂃 There are six essential activities:􀂃 _________________

Back 4

Ingestion, propulsion, and mechanical digestion 􀂃 Chemical digestion, absorption, and defecation

Front 5

__________ – taking food into the digestive tract􀂃

Back 5

Ingestion

Front 6

__________ – swallowing and peristalsis 􀂃

Back 6

Propulsion

Front 7

__________ – waves of contraction and relaxation of muscles in the organ walls 􀂃

Back 7

Peristalsis

Front 8

___________________ – chewing, mixing, and churning food 􀂃

Back 8

Mechanical digestion

Front 9

__________– catabolic breakdown of food 􀂃

Back 9

Chemical digestion

Front 10

__________ – movement of nutrients from the GI tract to the blood or lymph 􀂃

Back 10

Absorption

Front 11

___________ – elimination of indigestible solid wastes

Back 11

Defecation

Front 12

The _______ is the external environment for the digestive process􀂃

Back 12

GI Tract

Front 13

Regulation of digestion involves: 􀂃

Back 13

Mechanical and chemical stimuli – stretch receptors, osmolarity, and presence of substrate in the lumen 􀂃,

Front 14

􀂃 Regulation of digestion involves Extrinsic control by _____________

Back 14

CNS centers

Front 15

Regulation of digestion involvoes Intrinsic control by _________________

Back 15

local centers

Front 16

Receptors of the GI Tract are _______ 􀂃 and _________. They respond to:􀂃 Stretch, osmolarity, and pH􀂃 Presence of substrate, and end products of digestion􀂃

Back 16

Mechano- and chemoreceptors

Front 17

Mechano and chemoreceptors initiate reflexes that: 􀂃

Back 17

􀂃 Activate or inhibit digestive glands and􀂃 Mix lumen contents and move them along

Front 18

Nervous Control of the GI Tract􀂃are _______ and _______

Back 18

intrinsic and extrinsic

Front 19

The Intrinsic controls: 􀂃

1._________ near the GI tract initiate short reflexes.

2._______ are mediated by local enteric plexuses (gut brain) 􀂃

Back 19

1.Nerve plexuses

2.Short reflexes

Front 20

Extrinsic controls:

1.􀂃 _________ arising within or outside the GI tract 􀂃

2.___________and extrinsic autonomic nerves

Back 20

1.Long reflexes

2.CNS centers a

Front 21

_________ – serous membrane of the abdominal cavity􀂃

Back 21

Peritoneum

Front 22

There is a ________ and ________ portion of the peritoneum.

Back 22

visceral and parietal

Front 23

_______ – covers external surface of most digestive organs 􀂃

Back 23

visceral

Front 24

_______ – lines the body wall 􀂃

Back 24

Parietal

Front 25

___________ 􀂃 Lubricates digestive organs and allows them to slide across one 􀂃 another

Back 25

Peritoneal cavity

Front 26

__________– double layer of peritoneum that provides: 􀂃 Vascular and nerve supplies to the viscera. 􀂃 It holds _________ in place and stores fat.

Back 26

Mesentery , digestive organs

Front 27

Retroperitoneal organs – organs outside the ___________

Back 27

peritoneum 􀂃

Front 28

Peritoneal organs (___________) – organs surrounded by peritoneum

Back 28

intraperitoneal

Front 29

Blood Supply: Splanchnic Circulation:

Arteries and the organs they serve include:

􀂃 1.The hepatic, splenic, and left gastric:

2.spleen, liver, and stomach􀂃 Inferior and superior mesenteric: small and large intestines􀂃

Back 29

memorize

Front 30

Hepatic portal circulation: 􀂃

1. Collects nutrient-rich venous blood from the ___________ 􀂃

2. Delivers this blood to the liver for _________ and storage

Back 30

digestive viscera, metabolic processing

Front 31

From esophagus to the anal canal the walls of the GI tract have the same ___________

Back 31

four tunics 􀂃

Front 32

From the lumen outward they are ___________ .􀂃 Each tunic has a predominant tissue type and a specific digestive function.

Back 32

the mucosa,

submucosa,

muscularis externa, and

serosa

Front 33

Mucosa􀂃is the Moist epithelial layer that lines the lumen of the __________.

Back 33

alimentary canal 􀂃

Front 34

Three major functions of the mucosa: 􀂃

Back 34

1.Secretion of mucus 􀂃

2.Absorption of end products of digestion 􀂃 3.Protection against infectious disease 􀂃

Front 35

mucosa Consists of three layers:

Back 35

a lining epithelium,

lamina propria,

muscularis mucosae

Front 36

The Mucosa Epithelial Lining is made of Simple columnar epithelium and mucussecretinggoblet cells. 􀂃 Mucus secretions:􀂃 _________

Back 36

Protect digestive organs from digesting themselves ,

Ease food along the tract 􀂃,Stomach and small intestine

Front 37

Mucosa made up of:

Back 37

Lamina Propria and Muscularis Mucosae 􀂃

Front 38

Lamina Propria 􀂃 is made up of:

Back 38

Loose areolar and reticular connective tissue 􀂃

Front 39

what does the Lamina Propria do?

Back 39

Nourishes the epithelium and absorbs nutrients and 􀂃 Contains lymph nodes (part of MALT) important in defense against bacteria 􀂃

Front 40

What is the Muscularis mucosae –

Back 40

smooth muscle cells that produce local movements of mucosa

Front 41

the Enteric Nervous System is 􀂃 Composed of two major intrinsic nerve plexuses:􀂃

Back 41

Submucosal Nerve Plexus and Myenteric Nerve Plexus

Front 42

What are the other sublayers of the Mucosa?

Back 42

Submucosa, muscularis externa, Serosa

Front 43

__________ – dense connective tissue containing elastic fibers, blood and lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and nerves 􀂃

Back 43

submucosa

Front 44

_____________ – responsible for segmentation and peristalsis 􀂃

Back 44

Muscularis externa

Front 45

Serosa – the ___________visceral peritoneum

Back 45

protective

Front 46

The serosa is􀂃 Replaced by the _______in the esophagus

Back 46

fibrous adventitia

Front 47

􀂃 The Retroperitoneal organs have both an ___________

Back 47

adventitia and serosa

Front 48

mucosa contain: 􀂃

Back 48

Enzyme-secreting cells 􀂃 and

Hormone-secreting cells (making them endocrine and digestive organs)

Front 49

Submucosal nerve plexus – regulates ______________in the mucosa 􀂃

Back 49

glands and smooth muscle

Front 50

Myenteric nerve plexus – Major nerve supply that controls ____________ 􀂃

Back 50

GI tract mobility

Front 51

____________are largely automatic involving local reflex arcs 􀂃

Back 51

Segmentation and peristalsis

Front 52

enteric nervous system are Linked to the CNS via _______________

Back 52

long autonomic reflex arc