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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is technology? |
The application of science to provide society and its members with those things that are needed or desired. |
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What does a manufacturing plant consist of? |
Processes and systems, which transform a certain limited range of materials into products of increased value. |
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What is manufacturing capability? |
Technological processing capability, physical product limitations, and production capacity. |
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What is technological processing capability? |
It includes the fact that certain manufacturing processes are suited to certain materials, so, in specializing in certain processes, the plant is also specializing in certain materials. This also includes the personnel's expertise. |
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What are physical product limitations? |
As the name implies, they are limitations caused by product size and weight, which affect production equipment and material handling equipment. These must be planned for products that lie within a weight and size range. |
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What is production capacity? |
The maximum quantity that a plant can produce in a given time period under assumed operating conditions. Usually measured in terms of output units. AKA plant capacity. |
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What are operating conditions? |
The number of shifts per week, hours per shift, direct labor manning levels in the plans, etc. |
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What are the three basic categories of materials in manufacturing? |
1) Metals 2) Ceramics 3) Polymers |
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What are composites? |
Nonhomogeneous mixtures of the three basic material categories. |
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Which are the two basic groups of metals? |
Ferrous metals - based on iron Non-ferrous metals - all other metallic elements and their alloys. |
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What percent of the metal tonnage in the world is composed of ferrous metals? |
About 75%. |
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What are ceramics? |
Compounds containing metallic (or semi-metallic) and nonmetallic elements. |
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What are the typical nonmetallic elements of ceramics? |
Oxygen, nitrogen, carbon. |
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What are the groups ceramics divide into for processing? |
1) Crystalline ceramics 2) Glasses |
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Give 2 examples of crystalline ceramics. |
Traditional ceramics, like clay, and modern ceramics, like alumina (Al2O3) |
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What are glasses mostly based on? |
Silica (SiO2) |
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What are polymers? |
Compounds formed of repeating structural units called monomers, whose atoms share electrons to form very large molecules. |
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What are the three categories of polymers? |
1) Thermoplastic polymers 2) Thermosetting polymers 3) Elastomers |
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What are thermoplastic polymers? |
Polymers that can be subjected to multiple heating and cooling cycles without altering molecular structure. |
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What are thermosetting polymers? |
Polymers whose molecules transform into a rigid structure that is damaged when reheating. |
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What are elastomers? |
Polymers that show significant elastic behaviour. |
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What is a composite? |
A material consisting of two or more phases that are processed separately and then bonded together to achieve properties superior to its constituents. |
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What is a phase? |
A homogeneous mass of material, such as the grains of identical unit cell structure in a solid material. |
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What is the usual structure of composites? |
The usual structure consists of particles or fibers of one phase mixed in a second phase. |
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What are the properties of composites? |
They depend on the components. their physical shapes, and the way they are combined to form the final material. |
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What are the two basic types of manufacturing processes? |
1) Processing operations 2) Assembly operations |
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What are processing operations? |
Operations that transform a work material from one state of completion to a more advanced state. They can change the geometry, properties, or appearance of the starting material. |
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What are assembly operations? |
Operations that join two or more components to create a new entity. |
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What are three kinds of processing operations? |
1) Shaping processes 2) Property enhancing properties 3) Surface processing operations |
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What are four kinds of shaping processes? |
1) Solidification processes - starting material is a heated liquid or semifluid 2) Particulate processing - starting material consists of powders 3) Deformation processes - starting material is a ductile solid (commonly metal) 4) Material removal - starting material is a ductile or brittle solid |
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Give an example of a property enhancing process. |
Heat treatment |
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Give two examples of surface processing operations. |
1) Cleaning and surface treatments 2) Coating and deposition processes |
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What are two kinds of assembly operations? |
1) Permanent joining processes 2) Mechanical fastening |
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Give three examples of permanent joining processes. |
1) Welding 2) Brazing and soldering 3) Adhesive bonding |
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Give two examples of mechanical fastening. |
1) Threaded fasteners 2) Permanent fastening methods. |
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What does a solidification process consist of? |
1) A starting material is heated to transform it into a liquid or highly plastic state 2) The material is cast into a casting product. |
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What does particulate processing consist of? |
1) The starting materials are metal or ceramic powders 2) These powders are then preses 3) These are then sintered |
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What do deformation processes consist of? |
A starting workpart is shaped by the application of forces that exceed the material's yield strength. |
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What do material removal processes consist of? Give three examples. |
The excess material is removed from the starting piece so what remains is the desired geometry.
1) turning 2) drilling 3) milling |
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What are net shape processes? |
Processes in which little or no waste of the starting material happens and where no machining is required. |
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What are near net shape processes? |
Processes in which minimum machining is required. |
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What are property-enhancing processes? |
Processes that improve mechanical or physical properties of work material. |
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What are surface processing operations? |
Cleaning - chemical and mechanical processes to remove dirt, oil, and other surface contaminants.
Coating and thin film deposition - coating exterior surface of the work part. |
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What are three examples of coating and thin film deposition? |
- Electroplating - Physical vapour deposition - Painting |
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What are joining processes? |
Processes that create a permanent joint. |
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What is mechanical assembly? |
Fastening by mechanical methods. |
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What are the types of machine tools? |
Power-driven machines used to operate cutting tools previously operated manually.
Other production equipment: - Presses - Forge hammers - Plastic injection molding machines |
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What are the two categories of production systems? |
- Production facilities - Manufacturing support systems |
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What are production facilities? |
The factory, production equipment, and material handling systems. |
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How is equipment organized? |
Equipment is usually organized into logical groups, called manufacturing systems. |
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Give two examples of manufacturing systems. |
1) Automatic production line 2) Machine cell consisting of an industrial robot and two machine tools |
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What is the term used for low production facilities? |
Job shop. |
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What does a job shop make? |
Low quantities of specialized and customized products. |
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What are the characteristic of a job shop's product? |
-Typically complex - space capsules, prototype aircraft, special machinery. - Equipment in a job shop is general purpose - Labour force is highly skilled - Designed for maximum flexibility
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What are the two kinds of facilities dealing with medium production? |
- Batch production - Cellular manufacturing |
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What are the characteristics of batch production? |
- Suited to medium and hard product variety. - Setups are required between batches. |
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What are the characteristics of cellular manufacturing? |
- They're suited to soft product variety. - Worker cells are organized to process parts without setups between different part styles. |
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What is high production? |
Mass production, when there is a high demand for the product and there is a manufacturing system dedicated to the production of that product. |
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What are the two categories of mass production? |
1) Quantity production 2) Flow line production |
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What does mass production of single parts on single machine or small numbers of machines involve? |
- Machines equipped with special tooling - The equipment is dedicated full-time to the production of one part or product type - Typical layouts used in quantity production are process layout and cellular layout. |
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What is a flow line production? |
One in which multiple machines or workstations are arranged in sequence (production lines). |
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What are the characteristics of flow line production? |
- The product is complex (requires multiple processing and/or assembly operations. - Work units are physically moved through the sequence to complete the product - Workstations and equipment are designed specifically for the product to maximize efficiency |
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What is accomplished by manufacturing support systems? |
A company must organize itself to design the processes and equipment, plan and control production, and satisfy product quality requirements. |
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What are the typical departments of manufacturing support systems? |
Manufacturing engineering, production planning and control, quality control. |
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What is lean production? |
Doing more work with fewer resources, yet achieving higher quality in the final product. The underlying objective of this is the elimination of waste in manufacturing. |
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What is six sigma? |
A quality-focused program that uses worker teams to accomplish projects aimed at improving an organization's organizational performance. |
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What is globalization? |
The recognition that we have an international economy in which barriers once established by national boundaries have been reduced. |
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What has globalization enabled? |
The freer flow of goods and service, capital, technology, and people among regions and countries. |
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What is outsourcing? |
The use of outside contractors to perform work that was traditionally accomplished in-house. |
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What is offshore outsourcing? |
When production is done overseas. |
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What is near-shore outsourcing. |
Production in one of the neighboring countries or ones that are close. |
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What is enviromentally conscious manufacturing? |
Determining the most efficient use of materials and natural resources in production, and minimizing the negative consequences on the environment. |
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What are two basic approaches to green manufacturing? |
1) Design products that minimize environmental impact 2) Design processes that are environmentally friendly. |
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What is microfabrication? |
Processes that make parts and products whose feature sizes are in the micron range (10-6 m) |
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What are examples of microfabrication? |
Ink-jet printing heads, compact discs, microsensors used in cars. |
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What is nanotechnology? |
Materials and products whose feature sizes are in the nanometer range (10-9 m) |
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What are examples of nanotechnology? |
Coatings for catalytic converters, flat screen tv monitors. |
