Lecture 1-5

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2. Vertebrate

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2. - animals with vertebral column surrounding a spinal cord Using the traditional (historic) classification system

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Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics (author and subject)

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Lamark - theory suggesting that animals could evolve (i.e. change) over generations and it suggested a partial mechanism by which the change could occur.

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Principles of Geology”

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Charles Lyell - geological formations that we currently see on earth (e.g. mountains, etc) resulted from very slow and gradual geological processes, possibly over millions of years.

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The Voyage of the Beagle

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Darwin - travel/adventure/naturalist book in 1939 () which described his 5 year voyage and the book made him a well-known naturalist and writer

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On the Tendencies of Species to Form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Species by Natural Means of Selection

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Alfred Wallace - the adaptation of animals and natural selection

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On Origin of Species *(On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection)

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Darwin - he adaptation of animals and natural selection

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Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection

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Wallace - the adaptation of animals and natural selection

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This helped account for SIMILARITIES among organisms

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the concept of "common descent

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This helped account for the DIVERSITY among organisms.

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the environment may dictate which organisms are more “fit” and thus which traits are passed on to future generations

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This represented a major new concept put forth by Darwin

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"Natural Selection" . He suggested that nature “selects” for individuals with certain characteristics (i.e. certain characteristics may be advantageous in a given environment (e.g. long fur in a cold climate, certain colored fur or feathers that help you blend into the environment to decrease predation, etc.).

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Essay on the Principle of Population”

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Thomas Malthus - the concept of “survival of the fittest

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He popularized the concept that organisms could change over time (i.e. evolve), with a theory that included a potential mechanism for change.

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Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

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21. vertebrates have been on earth for approximately

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21. 500 million years

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Unisexual vertebrates

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Egg develops into female without fertilization

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provided the mechanism (i.e. genetics) by which the change could occur.

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Gregor Mendel

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The combination of Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection, combined with Medelian genetics is often referred to as

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“NeoDarwinism

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Evolution results in a altered _____ whihc may or may not lead to altered ____

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genotype, phenotype

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Altered ____ can (but not always) result in altered "fitness".

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Altered phenotype can (but not always) result in altered "fitness".

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Evidence of evoultion> (3 are sort of similar)

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Artificial or human selection (evoultion by selection), Antibiotic resistance (natural sel ection), Fossil Record, Comparative anatomy,Comparative Embryology Early Comparative physiologym, Molecular Genetics

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Homologous physiological systems and molecules in different species

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comparative physiology

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Haeckel’s Biogenetic Law major concept

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Ontogeny Recapitulates Phylogeny (supports evolution through comparative embryology)

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Darwin theorized evolution of species as a very gradual process called

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phyletic gradualism

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punctuated equilibrium

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Niles Eldredge and Stephen Jay Gould, some fossil evidence suggests that some species may evolve relatively rapidly

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Traditional Concept of Species

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rnst Mayr (in 1942) popularized the “Biological Species Concept” in which a species was defined as: a) Group of individuals with similar characteristics (i.e. similar genetics) b) Capable of interbreeding

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Systema Naturae

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Carolus Linnaeu,s classifies living organisms.).

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book provided a heirachical system of categories or "taxa"

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Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus

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traditional phylogenetic trees

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branch of the tree represents groups of animals with

similar characteristics

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the modern system of classification

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Cladistics In cladistics all characters are equally "weighed"

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cladistics is based on

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ancestory, The goal of cladistics is to group organisms based on how closely related they are to one another, that is, how recently they had a common ancesto

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cladograms

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A clade is a group and is represented by each branch of a cladogram Each branch on cladograms represent a monophyletic group derived from a specific ancestor

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They provided a method of accurately dating rocks and fossils

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Radiometric dating

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Uranium-235 decays into

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lead-207 Half-life = 713 million years

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Potassium-40 decays into

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argon-40 and calcium-40 half-life = 1.28 billion years

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All argon in rocks is apparently due to decay of

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potassium-40

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very useful for dating old sediments

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potassium/argon

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useful for dating organic material less than 60,000 years old

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Carbon-14 decays into nitrogen-14 half-life = 5730 years

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The earth's history has divided into four major "eras

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" Precambrian Era, Paleozoic Era, Mesozoic Era, and Cenozoic Era

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This is the period during which life first appears in fossil record.

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Precambrian Period

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Oldest fossils are _____ estimated to be ____billion years old.

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Oldest fossils are prokaryotes (cyanobacteria) estimated to be 3.5 billion years old.

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stromatolites

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They are fossils formed from mats of cyanobacteria that formed fossilized columns or pillars.

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Oldest eucaryote fossils are estimated to be about

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1.4 billion years old (i.e. protozoans)

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Oldest fossil multicellular animals estimated to be about

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670 million years old (precambian era)

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Many invertebrate phyla "suddenly" appear in the fossil record in the marine environment near the start of the ___, also called the ____

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Cambrian, Cambrian Explosion

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Many of the best fossils from the Cambrian have been found in the

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“Burgess Shale” in British Columbia

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First Chordates Fossils appear

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Cambrian Period

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considered one of the oldest known chordates in the fossil record, (in sediments dating to about 535 million years ago)

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Pikaia (burgess Shale)

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First Vertebrate Fossils

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Ostracoderms”, a group of jawless marine fishes These are found in sediments that are approximately
500 million years old or younger
late Cambrian/early Ordovician

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abundant marine invertebrates. The first terrestrial plants appear in fossil record at this time

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Ordovician

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The First Jawed Fishes appear

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Silurian

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Ostracoderms are abundant

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Silurian

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Terrestrial plants radiated

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Silurian

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Saltwater and freshwater fishes are abundant

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Devonian

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First “Amphibians” (i.e. amphibian-like tetrapods

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Devonian

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Many large forests of conifers, ferns, and other primitive plants

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Carboniferous

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Which time period does gasoline come from?

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Carboniferous

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First Reptiles

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Carboniferous

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radiation of amphibians

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Carboniferous

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First mammal-like reptiles appear in fossil record

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Permian

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Fossil fuels (e.g. oil and natural gas) also hypothesized to be produced from

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massive zooplankton and algal blooms in oceans that sink to the bottom and are covered with sediments.

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1st epoch in quaternary

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Pleistocene

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Pleistocene was one major ice age t/f

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included at least four

“Ice Ages”

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Period during which there is growth of human

civilization/society

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Holocene Epoch of Quaternary

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Geographic Distribution of Animals

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Alfred Wallace, travels and observations he noted that distribution of different

animals groups

He noted that climate and terrain seemed to affect the type and

distribution of species.

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Wallace Line

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boundary through these

islands which
certain types of animals were

restricted to certain regions

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What was on either side of the wallace line

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the northwest of the line the

animals were similar to those in Asia. To the

southeast of the line the

animals were similar to those in Australia.

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Theory of Continental Drift

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Alfred Weneger: He suggested that the continents might move over tim

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During the 1960's and later the theory of became well accepted

by geologists.

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"Plate Tectonics"

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"Plate Tectonics"

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earths surface (i.e. “crust”) is composed of

rocky plates

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Sea Floor Spreading" in which two plates are moving farther apart from

one another

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There is an accumulation of new sea floor due to up welling of

magma between the two plates.

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“Convergence” of two plates can form

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This process can form mountains.

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It is estimated to have formed approximately 3 million

years ago (late Tertiary Period).

It has allowed for the passage of species between the South

American and North America

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Isthmus of Panama