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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Underlying Principles 1) Animals have evolved to be as ... 2) Animals are perfectly adapted to... 3) Animals adaptions are fundamentally constrained |
1) energetically efficient as possible 2) the environments they live in 3) by physiological principles |
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The worlds ecosystems can be defined in terms of the availability of ___ because... |
WATER because this is required for life to exist |
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Water availability is linked to the effects of |
temperature |
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The pyramid of ecosystem can plot all ecosystems on this |
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Evolutionary trends across phyla ( marine, freshwater, terrestrial) |
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As major animal groups have evolved they have become.. |
Larger can occupy more hostile env. Increasingly independent of environmental change |
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Most animals get their energy through ___ of food by ______- |
Oxidation by Cellular respiration that requires oxygen |
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Chemical energy can also be obtained without the use of oxygen during |
Anaerobic respiration |
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Different compounds are used to store energy for a different amount of time 1)Long term (years, months, weeks) 2)Medium term (days, hours) 3)Short term (minutes, seconds) |
1 - Lipids 2- Glycogen 3- ATP - Adenosine TriPhosphate |
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Metabolic Rate is defined as: |
Energy metabolism per unit time |
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Metabolic Rate can vary dramatically because of(5)... |
Activity Reprouduction Excretion Digestion Thermoregulation it's also measured at joules |
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To compare the metabolic rate of different animals conditions must be standardized. What is BMR? |
Basal metabolic Rate is the minimum rate of energy that animals must use at rest. |
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A correct measurement of BMR is when certain activities are not taking place. These are: |
Growth or reproduction additional muscular activity detoxification thermoregulation illness anaerobic respiration |
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measuring BMR method 1:____ This assumes no change in animals compositon its disadvantage is: |
Measure difference between: energy value of all Food taken in & energy value of Excreta Dis: technically difficult and must be measure over a long period |
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A bomb calorimeter is used to measure the energy of food |
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Measuring BMR method 2 you measure TOTAL HEAT PRODUCTION |
Heat produced by respiration is measured by putting the whole animal in a calorimeter Very accurate but technically different |
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Measuring BMR method 3 you measure .... concentration |
oxygen concentration oxygen consumption is measured by a respirometer This is only possible because 1 litre o2 releases similar amounts of energy for all types of food 4.8 kcal 02 |
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Heat produced and o2 consumed during metabolism of different food. Protein values depend on for nitrogenous compounds. The ratio of co2 formed and o2 used is known as the RESPIRATORY QUOTANT (RQ) that reflets the main component of the diet |
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Metabolic rate & body size |
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When expressed per unit body mass. Oxygen consumption...with increasing body size |
Decreases The cells of a shrew consume oxygen 100x faster than an elephant cells |
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Oxygen consumption per unit mass plotted against body size in different mammals |
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Oxygen consumption plotted against total body mass has a positive slope (the line is standard fore all animals investigated) |
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The equation for the positive oxygen consumption relationship |
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The general principal - with few exceptions applies to all living organisms. |
Oxygen consumption is mostly lower for cold blooded organisms than warm blooded but the slope is the same |
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Oxygen consumption plotted against total body mass in different organsims |
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To calculate oxygen concentration of a blue mammal |
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