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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Pests are not limited to organismsthat transmit disease, they can also be?
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but could be any living thing that negatively affect human interests which.
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Some of the characteristics of pests include :
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A loss of resources such as agricultural crops, food and property damage, and damage to lawns and gardens
– Agents of disease – Sources of annoyance and discomfort. |
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• Examples of impact of pests:
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– Weeds compete for agricultural space
– Fresh mussels clog intake pipes – Rabbits decimate field crops – Wasps that stings – Moths that eat clothes – Roaches and flies that carry disease organisms into food – Insects, fungi, or viruses that attack crops or people |
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• Pests are potential problems
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hey pose serious health problems
– They have returned with great numbers • We thought we got red of them • Increased due to population explosion which resulted in crowding and poor sanitation |
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why pest control programs sometimes fail?
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nsects have developed resistance to pesticides
• Insect control programs have been halted or underfunded • The use of less expensive pesticides such as DDT have been reduced due to environmental concerns and political pressures • The combination of poverty and overpopulation has led to poor sanitation and thus to insect proliferation • Destruction of forests areas has eliminated natural insect predators • Climate change include warming have promoted increase in some insect populations. |
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Pests evolve resistance to pesticides:
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Resistance is passed through their genes to insect offspring
• Pesticides stop being effective • |
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Evolutionary arms race:
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chemists increase chemical
toxicity to compete with resistant pests |
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conseqences of the rebounding numbers of pests
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Significant increase in vectorborne diseases such as malaria, yellow fever, Dangue fever, Chagas disease, typhus, relapsing fever, encephalitis, plague
• These disease affects hundreds of millions of people worldwide and reduce the vitality and economies of many nations Therefore, understanding the role of insects and pests in diseases is important to the development of public health policy and programs. |
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External Anatomy of the insect:
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are known for having three major body regions, six legs, one pair of antennae and usually two pair of wings as adults.
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Complete metamorphosis
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found in butterflies (Lepidoptera), beetles (Coleoptera), flies (Diptera), and bees, wasps, and ants (Hymenoptera). This life cycle has the four stages of egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Each stage is quite distinct.
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What is the pathogen and anthropod vector of malaria?
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Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae
Anopheles spp. mosquitoes |
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What is the pathogen and anthropod vector of chagas disease?
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trypanosoma brucei gambiense Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
-Glossina spp |
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What is the pathogen and anthropod vector of Lymphatic filariasis?
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finsih this chart
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What is the pathogen and anthropod vector of chagas disease?
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finsih this chart
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What is malaria? how much of the worlds pop lives in malaria zones?
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Malaria is a parasite that enters the blood.
• This parasite is a protozoan called plasmodium • 3 to 700 million people get malaria each year, but only kills 1 to 2 million • 40% of the worlds population lives in malaria zones • Malaria zones are: Africa, India, Middle East, Southeast Asia, Central and South America, Eastern Europe, and the South Pacific (slide 13). |
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What are the symptoms of malaria?
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Symptoms:chills,fever,headache,anemia, muscle pain, nausea, sweating and vomiting.
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How is malaria transmitted? Can it pass to the fetus?
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FemaleAnophelesmosquitocarriesparasiteand transmits it to humans. Affects red blood cells
• Nothighlycontagious,however,asitaffectsblood cells it is possible to receive the parasite through unclean needles. • Can pass through a placenta to a fetus. |
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Chagas Disease is what?
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Chagas disease (also known as American trypanosomiasis) is a protozoan infection caused by the flagellate Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) cruzi.
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What is chagas disease transmitted? vector? and what else?
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The insect that usually carries Chagas Disease (Triatomid bug). The disease has traveled from Latin America to the U.S. in blood transfusions, organ transplants, and migrants
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How common is chagas disease in the world?
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most commonly occurs in Central and South America. I
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What is chagas disease associated with?
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It is associated with poverty and poor housing because the insects that carry the disease can live in cracks and holes of poorly constructed houses made out of thatch, mud, or adobe like many homes in Latin America. This disease infects an estimated 18 million people in Latin America and kills 20,000 every year.
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How is chagas disease transmitted (4)
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• It can be spread by the Triatomid bug which is found most commonly in South and Central America. This bug is an inch long and is called the “kissing bug” in Central America and in South America it is called the “vinchuca”. The feces or urine of the infected bug contains Trypamosoma parasites . People become infected by unknowingly rubbing the feces or urine into their eyes, mouth, a skin wound, or the bite of the infected bug.
•Through a transfusion with infected blood •From infected mother to fetus •People can also become infected with Chagas by eating uncooked food contaminated with infected bug feces. |
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What are the symptoms of chagas disease?
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f
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How can chagas disease be prevented?
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What is onchocerciasis
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A progressive inflammatory eye and skin disease
• River blindness • 18 million people infected of which 770,000 already have impaired vision with 250,000 blind (estimates for 2003) • Caused by infection with the filarial nematode Onchocerca volvulus |
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where is onchocerciasis found?
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The disease was most prevalent in West Africa, but now has been dramatically reduced there
• Significant transmission still occurs in several central African countries • Transmission on the American continent is now reduced to a few very small foci. |
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what transmits onchocercisis?
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f
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what is Encephalitis
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Encephalitis is an acute inflammatory process affecting the brain
• Viral infection is the most common and important cause, with over 100 viruses implicated worldwide |
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what are encephalitis symptoms
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Fever
– Headache – Behavioralchanges – Alteredlevelofconsciousness – Focalneurologicdeficits – Seizures |
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what is the incidence of encephalitis?
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3.5‐7.4 per 100,000 persons per year
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digoxin
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digitalis glycoside; inhibits myocardial Na-K ATPase pump leading to a +inotropic effect to increase contraction AND incr vagal tone (reduces work & symp)- art/ven dilation, incr CO, decr HR/volume/venous pressure, little change in AP,normalizes A baroreceptors, decr MVO2, incr CE, incr P-R; systolic left heart failure, certain arrhythmias (atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia) ;MOST IMPORTANT, POLAR; PO; TI=2; 60-85% GI absoption; 30% plasma protein binding; primarily excreted by kidney (37% lost/dy) via filtration and secretion (very important in renal pt); half-life 1.6 days; toxic doses (enhanced by cats, diurectics, hypothyroid, ischemia, antiarrhyth, quinidine, amiodarone): arrhythmias (after depol), ventricular bigeminy, trigeminy, tachycardia, fibrillation, heart block; SE common: GI (anorexia, nausea, vomiting), visual effects (blurred vision, photophobia, green-yellow), Neuro (fatigue, muscle weakness, anxiety, nightmare, delerium); toxicity tx: lower dose/stop, K salts, lidocaine, steroid binding resins, propranolol, antiodies, DC countershock
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What is arbovirus?
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f
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major Arboviruses That Cause Encephalitis?
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What are some of the more famous zoonotic diseases?
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what is plague?
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f
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what carries the plague?
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How is plague transmitted?
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what are symptoms of the plague?
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What is plague prevention?
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Def of pesticide? by EPA
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a pesticide is any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating any pest.”
“...a pest is any harmful, destructive, or troublesome animal, plant or microorganism.” |
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HIstroical awareness of pesticides?
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benefits of pesticides?
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What happens after application of pesticides?
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What are pesticide properties?
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Pesticide prombelms>
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How are pesticides absorbed??
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ingestion Inhalation (lung) Skin (dermal)
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how exposure to pesticides?
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Home Exposure
Accidentalingestion Lawnandgardenuse Insectcontrol Foodsupply Watersupply |
