Lec 4- Enviro And Health

Front 1

food security

Back 1

the guarantee of an adequate, reliable, and available food supply to all people at all times

Front 2

What are the five As of food security?

Back 2

Availability – food vs. biofuel
• Affordability – poverty, food banks
• Accessibility – transportation, regional unrest
• Acceptability – what constitutes food?
• Adequacy – nutritional quality

Front 3

• Undernourishment=

Back 3

peoplereceivelessthan90%of their daily caloric needs
- Mainly in developing countries
- But in Canada about 1 million are using food bank
services.

Front 4

Overnutrition =

Back 4

receiving too many calories each day
- In Canada, 48% of adults exceed their healthy weight and 14% are obese

Front 5

Malnutrition

Back 5

shortageofnutrientsthebodyneeds - The diet lacks adequate vitamins and minerals

Front 6

• Extensification

Back 6

bringingmorelandinto production

Front 7

Intensification

Back 7

betterproductivityperunitof land

Front 8

what did the green revolution do?

Back 8

led to dramatic
increases in agricultural production

Front 9

What did the green revolution depend on? (4)

Back 9

Synthetic fertilizers - Chemical pesticides - Irrigation
- Heavy equipment

Front 10

What are the positive and negative effects of the green revolution?

Back 10

Positiveeffectsonnaturalresources - Prevented some deforestation
- Preserved biodiversity
• Negative effects on natural resources - Pollution
- Erosion
- Salinization
- Desertification

Front 11

Monoculture =

Back 11

a large expanse of a single crop

Front 12

why is monoculture good and bad?

Back 12

- More efficient, increases output
- Devastates biodiversity
- Susceptible to disease and pests

Front 13

how does monoculture narrow the human diet?

Back 13

90% of our food comes from 15 crop species and 8 livestock species

Front 14

• Geneticengineering=

Back 14

laboratory manipulation of genetic material

Front 15

• RecombinantDNA=

Back 15

DNA patched together from the DNA of multiple organisms

Front 16

• Biotechnology

Back 16

the material application of biological science to create products derived from organisms

Front 17

Transgenicorganism and transgenes?

Back 17

Transgenicorganism=anorganismthatcontainsDNA from another species
• Transgenes=thegenesthathavemovedbetween organisms

Front 18

Explain the similarities and difference between genetic engineering and traditional agriculture!

Back 18

Similar:
- Both alter gene pools for preferred characteristics - Both apply to plants and animals
• Different:
- Traditional breeding uses genes from the same species
- Selective breeding deals with whole organisms, not just genes
- In traditional breeding, genes come together on their own

Front 19

what are the impacts and concerns of GM food?

Back 19

- Dangerous to human health
- Escaping transgenes could pollute ecosystems and
damage nontarget organisms.
- Pests could evolve resistance creating “superpests”
- Could ruin the integrity of native ancestral races of crops.
- Interbreed with closely related wild plants

Front 20

• Supporters of Gm make the following points:

Back 20

GMcropsposenoillhealtheffects
- Theybenefittheenvironmentbyusinglessherbicides - Herbicide-resistantcropsencourageno-tillfarming
- GMcropsreducecarbonemissionsbyneedingfewer fuel-burning tractors and sequestering carbon in the soil by no-till farming

Front 21

Critics argue that we should adopt the precautionary principle = which is?

Back 21

don’t do any new action until it is understood

Front 22

ethical issues in GM food?

Back 22

People don’t like “tinkering” with “natural” foods
- With increasing use, people are forced to use GM products, or go to special effort to avoid them
- Multinational corporations threaten the small farmer
- Research is funded by corporations that will profit if
GM foods are approved for use
- Crops that benefit small, poor farmers are not widely commercialized

Front 23

• Seed banks

Back 23

preserve seed types as a living museum of genetic diversity

Front 24

What increases the consumption of meat milk and eggs?

Back 24

wealth and commerce
-

Front 25

•
Feedlots=

Back 25

Huge warehouses deliver energy-rich food to animals living at extremely high densities

Front 26

feed lot benefits:

Back 26

Greater production of food
- Keeps up with high meat consumption
- Reduces the impact of livestock on land (use less space)

Front 27

drawbacks of feed lots:

Back 27

contribute to pollution
poor waste containment--human disease
steroid use in cattle
heavy antibiotic used to control disease

Front 28

How much energy is lost when moving from one trophic level to the next? so which place is best to get energy from

Back 28

90%

- the lower on the food chain you go

Front 29

Environmental ramifications of eating meat

Back 29

Landandwaterareneededtoraisefoodforlivestock • Producingeggsandchickenmeatrequirestheleast
space and water; beef requires the most

Front 30

Aquaculture. how much of the worlds fit consumption does it provide for?

Back 30

raising aquatic organisms for food in a controlled environment

- on third

Front 31

What are the benefits of aquaculture?

Back 31

- energy efficient
- sustainable
- reduces fishing pressure on over harvested waters
- reliable protein source

Front 32

what are the drawbacks of aquaculture

Back 32

diseases can occur, requiring expensive antibiotics
- reduces food secruit
- large amounts of waste
- farmed fish may escape and introduce disease into the wide

Front 33

Sustainable agriculture =

Back 33

does not deplete soil, pollute water, or decrease genetic diversity

Front 34

• Low-input agriculture

Back 34

uses smaller amounts of pesticide, fertilizers, growth hormones, water, and fossil fuel energy than industrial agriculture

Front 35

• Organic agriculture

Back 35

Uses no synthetic fertilizers, insecticides, fungicides, or herbicides
- Relies on biological approaches (composting and biocontrol)

Front 36

benefits of organic for consumers and farmers:

Back 36

- lowering costs, higher income, reduce chemicals and polluoon
-

consumer: don't have to be as concerned about pesticides, can feel good about improving the environment
-

Front 37

whats are obstacles for farmers and consumers who want to be organic?

Back 37

farmers: risks and costs of switching to new farming methods and less market stability

consumer added expess, less appealing product

Front 38

• Community-supportedagriculture=

Back 38

consumerspay farmers in advance for a share of their yield
- Consumers get fresh food
- Farmers get a guaranteed income

Front 39

Communitygardens

Back 39

reaswhereresidentscangrow their own food
• InCuba,over30,000peopleworkinHavana’sgardens, which cover 30% of the city’s land
- 1996-97: The Cuban people produced record yields for 10 crops