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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the situation of human population growth?
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we are growing exponentially
- 1billon in 1800, 2 billion in 1930, 4 in 1975, 6 in 2000 - populations still rising! particularly in developing nations - current pop is 7 bil - tripled in last 100, - immigration from rural to urban - ageing in developed countries - low econ because of ageing |
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How is the population rate still rising?
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The human population is now growing at a rate of about 3 people/second or
260 thousand/day or 1.8 million per week or 93 million/year - 2.1 % worldwide we could double in 33 |
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Where is the growth rate highest?
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africa and developing nations
- china had to stop! or they would of had 2 bil people |
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Why did the population surge?
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following inventions
- tool making - agriculture: needed children to help raise the farm - industrial revolution - modern medical technology revolution: antibiotics, cleaning water, - also from tech, sanitation, food |
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What is the problem in the birth death equation and the advancement of humans?
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death rates drop! but birth rates do not!
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What is the human opinion on this growth? Will quality of life suffer?
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Some people say growth is no problem
New resources will replace depleted ones -But, some resources (i.e., biodiversity) are irreplaceable - unchecked growth Less food, space, wealth per person |
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What do policy makers think of this growth?
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it increases economies, politics and military strength
- they offer incentives fro more children - 60% of europeans nations think their rates are too low - in non-european nations only 7% feel this way |
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What do demographers study?
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Population size
Density and distribution Age structure Sex ratio Birth, death, immigration, and emigration rates |
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CBR (crude birth rate)
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number of births per 1000 population
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CDR (crude death rate) =
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number of deaths per 1000 population
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TFR (total fertility rate)
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number of children born to a woman during her reproductive years (or life time)
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IMR (infant mortality rate)
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infant deaths per 1000 live births (infant < 1 yr).
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Doubling time=
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Number of years in which a population reaches twice its size
Doubling time can be approximated using growth rates |
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Natality
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births within the population
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Mortality
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deaths within the population
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Immigration
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arrival of individuals from outside the population
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Emigration =
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departure of individuals from the population
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Growth rate formula:
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(Crude birth rate + immigration rate) - (Crude death rate + emigration rate) = Growth rate
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Carrying capacity
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the max population size of a species that its environment can sustain
- s -shaped curve - limiting factors slow and stop exponential growth - carrying capacity changes |
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Biotic potential:
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the unrestricted growth of populations that results in maximum growth rate (i.e.growth without env. Resistance).
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Population
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number of persons
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population change:
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increase in the number of persons
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growth rates:
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rate of change
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Explain the IPAT model
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Our total impact (I) on the environment results from the interaction of population (P), affluence (A) and technology (T), with an added sensitivity (S) factor
- population: people need space and resources - affluenceL greater captia resource use - tech: increased exploitation of resources - sensitivity: how sensitive an area is to human pressure |
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What do comp simulations predict if we stick to the status quo?
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Sudden food & population decrease
Pollution increase |
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What do comp simulations predict about following sustainability policies?
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food and population stabilize
- pollution decrease |
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How is the human population distributed?
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- unevenly
- unpopulated areas are usually environmentally sensitive |
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How does Age structure affect future population dynamics?
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Having many individuals in young age groups results in high reproduction and rapid population growth
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how do Sex ratios also affect future population dynamic?
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Naturally occurring sex ratios for humans slightly favour males (100 females born to 106 males)
In China, 120 boys were reported for 100 girls Cultural gender preferences, combined with the government’s one-child policy, led to selective abortion of female fetuses Had the undesirable social consequences of many single Chinese men |
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What factors effect population growth? shrinking? or remains stable?
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Rates of birth (and TFR), death, and migration
Birth and immigration add individuals Death and emigration remove individuals - Technological advances led to dramatic decline in human death rates…. - Widening the gap between birth rates and death rates resulting in population expansion |
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What is TFR?
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Total fertility rate (TFR) = average number of children born per female member of a population during her lifetime
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What factors affect TFR?
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Increasing urbanization decreases TFR
Children go to school, and increase costs With social security, elderly parents need fewer children to support them Greater education allows women to enter the labor force, with less emphasis on child rearing |
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What is happening to life expectancy?
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Life expectancy is increasing: leading to population growth
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what is life expectancy? why has it increased
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average number of years that an individual is likely to continue to live
Increased due to reduced rates of infant mortality Urbanization, industrialization, and personal wealth…all lead to imporved health |
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Describe demographic transition?
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a model of economic and cultural change to explain the declining death and birth rates in industrializing nations
high birth and death rates change to low birth and death rates As mortality decreases, there is less need for large families Parents invest in quality of life |
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Describe the demographic transition four stages:
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pre industrial: birth rate and death rate high
transitional: death rate declines due to increased food production and improved med care industrial stage: birth rate declines due to increased opportunities or women and access to birth control post industrial: birth rate and death rate low |
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Is the demographic transition universal? Where might it fail? Why?
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It has occurred in Europe, U.S., Canada, Japan, and other nations over the past 200-300 years
But, it may or may not apply to all developing nations The transition could fail in cultures that Place greater value on childbirth Grant women fewer freedoms |
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How does the status of women greatly affect population rates?
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- it greatly affects it
2007: 54% of married women worldwide reported using modern contraception to plan/prevent pregnancy -Social empowerment of women reduces unintended pregnancy -Increasing female literacy is strongly associated with reduced birth rates |
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Give examples of countries where family planning is working?
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India – incentives for a “two-child norm”
Thailand – family planning education and increased availability of contraceptives |
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What economic status is highly correlated with population growth?
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- Poverty is strongly correlated with population growth
- Poorer societies have higher growth rates than wealthier societies Consistent with the demographic transition theory They have higher fertility and growth rates, with lower contraceptive use |
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What percentage of the worlds population will be born in poverty within the next billion people
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99% of the next billion people added will be born in poor, less developed regions that are least able to support them
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What does the poverty often leads too?
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results in environmental degradation (e.g. soil degradation, hunting of large mammals)
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How does the consumptions of affluent society create environmental
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Affluent societies have enormous resource consumption and waste production
People use resources from other areas, as well as from their own Individuals’ ecological footprints are huge |
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how does AIDs affect population growth? how does it spread?
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2006: 40 million infected worldwide, 27 million in sub-Saharan Africa
Low rates of contraceptive use spread the disease Also spreading in Caribbean, Southeast Asia, eastern Europe, central Asia 14 million children have lost one or both parents |
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What are the effects of over population?
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- valuable resources deplete
- pollution increases - thretens to ovewhelm earht - low living standards - civil wars - low jobs - low food - low education |
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How is our common territory of the earth in danger to over population growth?
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Atmospheric pollution and climate change
Water pollution, including ground aquifers Deforestation and loss of oxygenation The oceans, coral reefs and their bounty National parks, wildernesses and wetlands Global climate change: global warming Nonrenewable natural resource depletion Fossil fuels, mineral ores, topsoil….. |
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How will we get the population to stop rising?
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demographic transitions
governmental intervention disease ? Social/political conflicts? |
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Look at the summary graphic
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Look at the summary graphic
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