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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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fresh water
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aquifers
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fresh water
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surface water
-ponds & lakes -rivers & streams groundwater -aquifers microorgs in fresh water -temperature (0-100) -pH -nutrients -oxygen availability -sunlight microorgs in fresh water temp |
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marine water
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covers 70% of earth
relatively homogenous (0-40) -ph (6.5-8.3) -dissolved soilds (3.5g/100gH2O) high salinity, not variable hydrostatic pressure -lg variations: 1atm/10m Sunlight 50-125m -turbidity -season Oxygen Nutrients -coastal areas, esp where rivers meet the oceans -oceans are nutritive dilute producers -cyanobacteria -phytoplankton (diatoms, dinoflagellates) consumers -hetertrophic bacerea protozonas fungi decomposers strict/facultative anaerobes produce N2, H2S, NH3-, CH4 |
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pollution
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condition that renders water useless for a particular purpose
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organic waste
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type of pollutant
-domestic sewage (BOD) -pathogenic orgs |
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industrial waste
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metals (heavy metals)
minerals |
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minerals
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sulfur
iron salinity sediments organics= incr BOD synthetics (pet byproducts) radioactive (uranium) heat (O2 solubility degrade or) |
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biological oxygen demand (BOD)
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amount of O2 required to degrade organic compounds
a measure of how much organic material a receiving water can absorb |
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eutrophication
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excessive growth
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natural water purification
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percolation- aquifers
-snow melts into springs/streams |
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microbio water quality tests
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indicator organisms
coliform tests (MTFT, MF, P/A, MMO-MUG) |
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drinking water regulations
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total coliform rule
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wastewater ergulations
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clean water act
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drinking water treatment
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1) best water: groundwater (no treatment)
2) surface water (filtered/disinfected) 3) hold is reservoir (sedimentation/agae control) |
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flocculation
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drinking water process
-colloids suspended in solution |
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sedimentation
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drinking water process
-particles come to rest and settle at a barrier |
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filtration
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drinkign water process
-remove particles from water through a fine physical barrier (sand, activated carbon) |
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disinfection
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-chlorination chloramination
-ozonation chloramination -total coliform rule disinfection by-products rule |
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total coliform rule
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100mL sampled
P/A 4 methods approved |
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disinfection by-products rule
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reduce, not eliminate, THMs
risk of THM: kidney/liver cancer |
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organisms of concern
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iron-sulfur bactera
cyanobacteria |
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sewage treatment
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bar screen= remove large objects
grit chamber= remove small objects (sand, egg shells, coffee grinds) skinning devices= remove grease |
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primary sedementation
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20-50% BOD removal
little effect on bacteria remove protozoans |
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secondary treatment
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90-99% BOD
activated sludge trickling filter sludge digester disinfection: UV, chlroine |
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activated sludge
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aor+ colic floc
mono-culture energy virus removal |
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trickling filter
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organic rocks/moss
produces slime ecologically diverse not as efficient as activated sludge |
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sludge digester
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ferments with anerobic bacteria
methane production |
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chlorination probelms
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effective, used most but
-forms THMs -storage: forms of Cl are dangerous -dechlorination is expensive/extra -not effect with Giardia, Cryptosporidium, virusessts |
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UV
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wipes out bacteria
good with viruses, cry lower costs and more energy efficient |
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tertiary treatment
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N&P removal
flocculation UV reverse osmosis nitrogen stripping activated carbon pathogen control |
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septic tanks/composting toilets
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no connection to sewage point
anerobic bacteria |
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transmission of respiratory infections
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close quarters=closer people are together, greater the risk of infection
ex/ winter- people are closer together for warmth -no seasonal variation= no prevalence in diff times of year - |
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respiratory tract defenses
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hairs in nose
coughing/sneezing mucociliary escalator IgA= produced in respiratory tract phagocytic cells are plentiful in upper respiratory tract normal flora (protect from pathogens) |
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mucociliary escalator
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respiratory tract defense
system of mucous/cilia which raises particles upward so they can be coughed up from lower respir tract |
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upper resipratory tract
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mouth
larynx trachea |
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lower respiratory tracton
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lungs
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dental caries
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respiratory tract infection
tooth decay |
