Lec 10- Sin An Sickness

Front 1

- pathology

Back 1

greek work “ suffering” and “theory about”

Front 2

Function of Pathology (5)

Back 2

1. same reason: to explain suffering
- 2. secondly used: identify or label
- needs to identify different between the normal and the sick
- which is conditioned by social context
- 3. Predict outcomes:
- 4. Justify treatments:
- 5. To prove the reasonableness of an explanation, diagnosis or course of action, postmortem examination

Front 3

Disease vs. Illness

Back 3

- illness= individual suffering
- disease= pertains to ideas about the illness

Front 4

the organismic theory, of disease: all

Back 4

all diseases are bad, discontinuous and affect individuals “ known as the medical model” patient is target of disease

Front 5

- Ontological theory:

Back 5

: causes come from outside the patient, the diseases exist separate from the patient

Front 6

- Physiological theory

Back 6

causes emerge from inside, patients vary, diseases do not exist separate from patients

Front 7

modern medicine

Back 7

- Both

Front 8

- supernatural causes of disease

Back 8

- Homer’s illiad: greeks suffer deadly perstilences, cause is a god
- Book of Jobs

Front 9

- Pathology at the Bedside

Back 9

- 5th C: recognize natural world with super natural
- disease based on loss of balance

Front 10

Disease = altered anatomy
(3) REASONs why this is new

Back 10

- before anatomy was irrelevant because:

. Changes inside the body were hidden until dead
- 2. Alterations in autopsy could have been death not disease
- 3. Internal changes could not be repaired

Front 11

Disease= invasion by living organisms

why?

Back 11

- triumph of germ theory in 1880s

Front 12

Joseph Lister

Back 12

- Antiseptic technique

Front 13

- Kock
- 4 prostulates

Back 13

- Kock isolates tuberculosis, 19 C his Postulate: 1. Organism must be found in every case, 2. Isolated and grown in culture 3. Produce same disease when injected to animals , 4. Be recovered in all experimental cases

Front 14

Disease= Molecules
why?

Back 14

- heredity comes back, its had always been thought that some diseases ran in a family, but it got squashed with germ theory
- Mendel
- Gerrod

Front 15

- Gerrod

Back 15

worked out heredity of alcaptonuria

Front 16

- Phrenology:

Back 16

head size study for disease

Front 17

- J. kilgour

Back 17

publishes a study on the vast amount of sex criminals, sex offenders had important psychological aspects that merited medical examination. Creating a boost for psychiatry whose claim to authority is beyond the insane, and important to the health of all citizens
o Amounting number of experts inspired by new social sciences research into sexual habits and behavior of everyday people
o His attribuation on sexuality was both defiant and self- avowedly modern.
o Contributed sex offending crime to 1) exaggerated sexual desire 2) diminished sexual ability 3) interference with normal sexual activity because of moral, medical, and social restraint or martial dysharmony
o Challenged mainstream psychiatry
o Provactive questions: Like there are as many paths in sex lives as there are individuals

Front 18

- 2 major reasons for the change in children's views in the 17 and 18C

Back 18

1. Nosology: classification and arrangement of disease
a. Adult vs. child diseases: rickets, club foot, small pox, chicken pox, hydrocephalus, polio, hairlip
2. Rise of stats: tool to understand how prevalent diseases are
a. Mortality rate are high
b. Infant and maternal are highest
c. Esp in developing nations

Front 19

One more reason:

Back 19

3. Rise of colonialism: European countries going to new world
a. Take land and establish settlements
b. A lot of warring factions, violence
c. b/c of settlements no immunity to the new conditions, high DR
d. in order to colonize, need healthy European children
e. want kids to grow up, girls= more kids, boys= military

Front 20

Canada
19- 20 C views on mothers
- what were they blamed for.... what were they responsible for

Back 20

- focus of children’s health falls on mother
- important that they reproduce healthy children
- now need to do certain things to ensure this
- mostly male experts giving advice on child rearing to increase chance of thriving
- mothers blamed for bad

Front 21

Dionne Quintuplits

Back 21

- good example of battle between experts and mothers
- born in Callender, parents had 5 children
- no fertility drugs
- 5 very rare, identical
- all survive
- Dr. Allen Dafoe
- became international
- legally taken by province
- displayed as a tourist attraction
- made a lot of money for depression

Front 22

Dafoe, Blatz, Brown use the quints for what?

Back 22

- use quints to make mothers follow scientific child rearing: which is said to produce healthy children

Front 23

Late 19- 20C what happens in child rearing?

Back 23

- doctors take over child rearing

Front 24

Scientific Child Rearing has three main points?

Back 24

1. Hygienic Surrounding → widespread germ theory
2. Breast feeding
3. Habit Training: ensuring a ridged schedule for everything

Front 25

History of germ theory
1670’s

Back 25

Antonie Von Leeunhock: sees stuff under microscope

Front 26

1860’s

Back 26

Louis Pasteur
- theorizes that MOO’s are present all around us
- also notion of pasteurization: heat can kill MOOs

Front 27

1840’s

Back 27

Ignaz Sommelais: recommends doctors wash hand to stop spread of
childbirth fever

Front 28

1860’s

Back 28

– Joseph Lister: Comes up with wound cleaning to kill MOOs
- Asepsis→ killing moos in wound and surrounding areas

Front 29

1870’s

Back 29

– Robert Koch: Identifies specific Moos as responsible for specific diseases

Front 30

1920’s

Back 30

- discovers that Moos can be altered in someway in order to protect against infection
- discover penicillin: 1st antibiotic: from mold
- used on wounds: discovered that syphilis and gonorrhea go away too

Front 31

Irony of Scientific Child Rearing

Back 31

- Motherhood is glorified
- Even when teenage mother
- Individual mothers found @ fault: esp if ambivalent (unsure)
- Selfish and lazy even when trying

Front 32

Scientific child rearing is supossed to be about what? what is it really?

Back 32

Supposedly about raisin healthy children but really about mothers submitting to experts

Front 33

Mothers also expected to teach their children about sex. what time period? why? (2)

Back 33

1. Mothers are sacred: assumed that they would do it in the sacred and holy way
- always a terror of teaching = practicing
2. Medical understanding about VD: sterility and congenital factors
- until mid 1940’s no cure for VD

Front 34

What was the take home solution for mothers teaching sex ed

Back 34

= abstinence
- in teaching mother to promote abstinence

Front 35

Requirements for Sex Ed (3)

Back 35

1. Children had to be given basic into on reproduction through nature study
- why? If learning about the birds and the bees would somehow help human reproduction
2. had to prevent sexual excitation: certain foods, tea, coffee, meat→ energy and savage
- kind of clothing they wear
3. Keep children away from sexual contamination
- Immigrant kids
- Servants
- Foreigners
- Suspicious playmates

Front 36

Major Health Concern: for parents?

Back 36

Masturbation
- thought to cause major health issues in childhood
- particularly in boys

Front 37

Onan

Back 37

- biblical character
- having sex→coitus interuptus
- somehow Onan spilling his seed = masturbation

Front 38

Onania, when? who? what?

Back 38

1710- Onania
- John Marten: author
- Pamphlet = Dangers of Masturbation
- Big influence on med personal
- Wide spread
- Overtime male masturbation is more prevalent than females and more dangerous: weakness, insanity, death

Front 39

How was masturbation seen in the 19C?

Back 39

seen like marijuana= gateway drug
- if you masturbate: you will lose control→ prostitutes→ VD spread

Front 40

Why was keeping semen seen as good?

Back 40

- Keeping semen within = good health
o Grow more hair, deeper voices
o More physical and mental moral and health
o Why? B/c waste of bodies resources to masturbate
o Notion of vitalism → all organisms
o Semen = vital energy → should be contained
o Why? Rural farm animals: will castrate, once you do this animal will one grow to full size, will be more feminine

Front 41

Moral Panic, where does it come from? when? what?

Back 41

- comes from Stanley Cohen: Folk devils and moral panic 1973
- talked about notion that certain people of groups emerged to become a threat to society

Front 42

Folk Devils:

Back 42

give rise to moral panic

Front 43

Folk Devils:

Back 43

= Scapegoats: can appear and disappear quickly

Front 44

examples of folk devils

Back 44

- ex: communists
- pedophiles
- AIDS and homosexuality
- Drug addicts
- Haitians
- Drug addicts ruin society
- Immigrants
- Albinos

Front 45

1930’s we see rise of Freudian Theories

Back 45

- masturbation is no longer seen as a danger
- bad habit: but not dangerous

Front 46

1950’s major shift from masturbation to homosexual

Back 46

- cold war→ stale mate between soviet union and west
- the west is terrified of communist spies

o famous episodes: clerk @ embassy of soviet union with documents he stole
o proved that their were soviet spies in western government
- civil servants were targets of communist black mailing
- terrified that civil servants in homoactivy → could be used as blackmail