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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the requirements to administering a drug saftely?
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- usual doe frequency
- route of admin - indications - contraindictictions - significant adverse reactions - major drug interactions |
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Pharmacology
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the study of drug and their actions and effect in body systems
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Pharmacodyamics
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the study of biochemical and physiologic drug effects and the mechs of drug action
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Pharmacokinetics:
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ADME
study of - drug absorption - distribution - metabolism - excretion |
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Pharmacognosy
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the study of drugs derived from herbal or natural sources
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Pharmacotherapeutics
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the study of how drugs are best used and which drug is appropriate for a specific disease
-a lot of the time drugs that were developed for certain conditions are used for something else. ex: acne meds for multiple sclerosis |
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Toxicology
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the study of poisons and poisonings
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ToXICITY
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the drugs ability to poison the body
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Overdose
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the dose of a drug that harms
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Adverse Drug reaction (ADR)
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when a response to a drug is noxious, unintended, and occurs at a normal dose that is used for prophylaxis, diagnosis or therapy
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Side effct
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unintended drug effect,
*somtimes beneficial |
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What are the 3 components of risk vs. benefit decisions?
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risk assessment
risk perception risk acceptance |
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What is risk assessment
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the analysis of scientific data
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what is risk perceptions?
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to what degree of positive of negative is the risk data viewed
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risk acceptance
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who adverse to or accepting of risk is the individual?
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When treating a patient there are several factors to take into consideration concerning risk vs. benefit
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the disease and its severity
the age and health of the patient the risks they are willing to take what the patient wants what is possible >cure, control of symptoms live longer? (terminal disease |
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Chemical name of a drug?
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the chemical make up
-complicaticed |
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Generic drug name;
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official
approved nonpropritary name not protected by copyright |
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Proprietary name:
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brand name
- protects the drug by copy right |
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Idiosyncratic reaction
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-UNIQUE
- strange or unpredicted reaction to a drug |
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Allergic reaction
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hypersensitivty to drug that occurs after previous exposure to similar or same drug, and develops rapidly after re-exposure
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Anaphylactic Shock
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idiosyncratic
- sudden -life threading allergic reaction |
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Anaphylaxis
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severe allergic reaction that occurs rapidly and cause life threatening response involving the whole body
- difficulty breath - shock - can lead to death |
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EpiPen
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epinephrine injecter for anaphylatic shock
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Tolerence
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when one develops a resistance to drug effects, such that dose must be continually raised to elicit desired response
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What drugs commonly produce tolerance?
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piates, barbituates, tobacco, nitrate, alchol
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Cumulative drug effect
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- when the body cannot completely metabolize and excrete one drug dose before the next dose is given
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Synegism
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occurs when the combined action of two or more agents produces a great effect than expected from the agents acting separately
- 1 + 1= 5 |
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Potentiation
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a greater effect than expected caused from additive properties of two or more drugs
a+b= B |
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FDA?
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Food and Drug Administration (FDA): part of U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; controls all drugs for legal use
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DEA part of the Federal Bureau of Investigation
(FBI); enforces controlled substance laws |
d
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CDC?
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): ensures infection control regulations and provides statistics and information to health professionals about disease treatment
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Food and drugs act
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describes regulation of the production, import, export, transport across provinces and sale of food, drugs, contraceptive devices and cosmetics (including personal cleaning products such as soap and toothpaste).
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What did the controlled substances act of 1970 accomplish?
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- gave sole drug control to the DEA
- classified drugs according to abuse potential - provided research into drug abuse and dependance and drug abuse treatment and rehabilitation |
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Check the drug schedule charts
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Check the drug schedule charts
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What is the protocol of medicine in the hospital
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-resitricted substances must be stores in locked storage facilities
- therefore no unauthorized person can access it |
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What are the seven rights of drug admin?
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1. right patient
2. right drug 3. right dose 4. right route 5. right time :such as before, after meal or in the morning 6. right technique: right needle, right site 7. right documentation: write it down, what time? how much? |
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Over the counter drugs
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available for self- medication, do not require prescription
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Legend or prescription drugs:
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require prescription from licensed practitioner?
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are OVC drugs safer?
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OTC- not “safer” been used for a long time, the effects are very known. relieves stress of health care.
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What important info must a prescription hold?
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- must tell patient how to use medication
- pharmacist how to fill the info - refills, - label |
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What are medication errors?
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-inappropiate or incorrect admin of a drug
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Errors for medications occur in three stages:
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- prescribing or ordering the medication
- dispensing the meds - administering medication and monitoring for side effects |
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Why do medication errors occur?
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- miscommunication
- missing info: patient history wrong? - lack of appropriate labelling by manufacturer or pharmacist - envrionmental factors: is it distracting? tired? dark> - poor management: homes for seniors, maybe unneeded meds are given. |
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Causes of medication error, that correspond to the rights.
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Wrong patient
Incorrect route Incorrect drug Incorrect dose Incorrect time Incorrect technique Incorrect information on patient chart |
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Whats a historical example of a manufacturing error?
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sulfanilamide diastole of 1973.
- killed 100 + |
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What are examples of manufacturing errors?
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Mislabeling, contamination, wrong drug, wrong concentration, wrong doses of drugs, counterfeit drugs, and undiscovered toxicity are other causes.
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What protocol is followed to ensure that drugs are administered safely
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- follow physicians ores exactly
- if unsure, ask - administer only after it has been written in a patients charts - use the 7 rights, and perform 3 order label checks |
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How can medication errors be reduced?
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provide adequate, trained staid
- use standardized measurement systems - develop error tracking systems - establish a clear system for review of drug orders, ordering, dispensing and admin - maintain medication profiles, regularly updating allergy and reaction histories - provide suitable, safe work environments |
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what can a patient do to ensure safe drug admin?
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understand a physicians order and clarify questions about medication, dose, route of admin and strength
-review adverse effects, precautions, purpose, and recommended dose |
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Orphan drugs:
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treat diseases that affect fewer than 200 000 people
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what is the orphan drug act
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give financial incentives to non profit and commercial organization
- so they develop and market new orphan drugs - provides a 7pyear monopoly on orphan drug sales and tax breaks to new drug developers |
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Ethics:
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standards of behavior that encompass the concepts of right and wrong beyond a given situation’s legal considerations.
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Confidentiality
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health professionals must maintain strict confidentiality
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Lifestyle changes vs. pharmaceuticals
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- many pharmaceuticals offer the best treatment option for many disease/conditions or control symptoms
- BUT some conditions can be prevented or changed with life style changes |
