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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the definition of Learning Theory?
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A relatively permanent change in performance or behavior that results from one’s experience
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What is classical conditioning?
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the creation of new (cause & effect) relationships between previously unrelated stimuli or events via a process of association through strategic repeated pairing
aka “respondent conditioning” |
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Who am I?
occurs when an organism begins to respond, via a history of paired associations, to a new stimulus or event resulting in the transfer of behavioral control to the new, previously unrelated, stimulus |
Classical Conditioning
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What am I and to which learning theory do I belong?
US/UR, CS/ CR |
unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, conditioned response
Classical conditioning |
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Who am I?
a stimuli that automatically elicits a response behavior without a need for prior learning or association via conditioning e.g. loud noise & startle response |
unconditioned stimulus (us)
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Who am I?
a previously neutral stimulus which, through the processes of classical conditioning, begins to elicit a target response on its own |
conditioned stimulus
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What is the conditioned response?
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the response behavior to an US, with no dependence on individual experience
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Who am I?
the learned response behavior that through classical conditioning now automatically follows a conditioned stimulus |
conditioned response
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What are the four types of classical conditioning?
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Delayed Conditioning
Simultaneous Conditioning Trace Conditioning Backward Conditioning |
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Who am I?
CS is presented seconds before the US. Most effective method. 5 sec. for skeletal responses and 5-30 sec. for autonomic reflexes. |
delayed conditioning
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Who am I?
CS and US are presented at the same time. Weaker than Delayed Conditioning |
simultaneous conditioning
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What is trace conditioning?
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CS is presented before the US without any overlap in presentation. Beyond 2 sec. delay produced no effect.
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What is backward conditioning?
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- US is presented before the CS. No evidence of a conditioning effect.
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In classical conditioning.... what is extinction?
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the natural weakening of the CS/CR relationship when the US is no longer introduced over an extended period of time
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In classical conditioning... what is spontaneous recovery?
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sudden reappearance of the CR following an extended period of extinction; rel. not forgotten
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In classical conditioning... what is stimulus generalization?
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CR is extended to similar organisms
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In classical conditioning... what is stimulus discrimination?
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conditioning to discriminate between two + stimulus
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In classical conditioning... what is blocking?
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initial CS interferes with the conditioning of a second one
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In classical conditioning.. what is higher-order conditioning?
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using original CS to further the conditioning to a new unrelated CS.
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Who am I?
- the creation of new relationships between previously unrelated stimuli or events as a result of the environmental consequences (favorable or unfavorable) imposed following the initial behavior e.g., hand on stove |
operant conditioning
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What is operant behavior?
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- voluntary response behavior learned as a result of the consequence that previously followed the same behavior
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What is operant conditioning?
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- an increase or decrease in operant behavior as a function of the contingencies of reinforcement
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In operant conditioning... what is reinforcement?
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- any event or stimulus (applied or removed) that INCREASES
probability of behavior occurring again |
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In operant conditioning what is punishment?
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- any event or stimulus (applied or removed) that DECREASES probability of behavior occurring again
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In operant conditioning... What is Positive (+) and Negative (-) Reinforcement/Punishment?
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- the application or removal of a stimulus, respectively
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Operant conditioning... what is primary reinforcement?
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food or shelter (has an inherent value)
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Operant conditioning... what is secondary reinforcement?
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money or token economy (acquired value via association)
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Operant conditioning... what is a continuous schedule of reinforcement?
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- the act of reinforcing every response. Good for initial onset of learning, but extinguishes quickly as reinforcers are withheld. Best to switch to intermittent schedule upon learning
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Operant conditioning... what is a Intermittent Schedule of reinforcement?
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reinforcing as to a fixed or varied schedule of responses. Intermittent schedules are most resistant to extinction
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Operant conditioning... Intermittent schedule...
What is a fixed ratio? |
administered after FIXED # of RESPONSES
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Operant conditioning... Intermittent schedule...
What is a fixed interval? |
administered after FIXED period of TIME
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Operant conditioning... Intermittent schedule...
What is a variable ratio? |
- administered after VARIABLE # of RESPONSES
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Operant conditioning... Intermittent schedule...
What is a variable interval? |
administered after VARIABLE period of TIME
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In operant conditioning... what is operant extinction?
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removing the reinforcer in order to decrease or eliminate behavioral response
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In operant conditioning.. what is response burst?
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sudden but short-lived increase in behavior immediately following the removal of the reinforcer
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In operant conditioning... what is stimulus generalization?
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reinforcer is extended to similar stimuli
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In operant conditioning... what is stimulus discrimination?
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reinforcing to discriminate between two + stimulus by presenting consistently only in one case
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In operant conditioning... what is escape and avoidance conditioning?
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reduction in distress serves as reinforcing agent
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In operant conditioning... what is chaining?
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breaking down complex tasks and pairing individual pieces in a manner so that success of each reinforces for continuing process
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In operant conditioning... what is response generalization?
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unintentional responses brought on by the reinforcer
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In operant conditioning... what is shaping?
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the gradual training of complex behaviors into smaller, more manageable components motivated by the presence of reinforcement
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In operant conditioning... what is superstition learning?
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coincidental pairing of response and reinforcement
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who am i? belief that behavior is influenced by environment and personal variables such as thoughts and feelings as well.
e.g., observational learning |
social learning theory
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who am I? process of learning and modifying one’s behavior by the visual exposure to another’s behavior.
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observational learning
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Three stages of observational learning?
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- Exposure – the observation of
- Acquisition – the learning and remembering of - Acceptance – the choice to guide own actions |
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What is banduras bobo doll study?
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Study:
Nursery school children All saw 4 varying 5-min video clips depicting aggression towards doll Four different groups varying on consequence for aggression in clip Spontaneous imitation and an acquisition test was administered Findings: Degree of aggression similar to adults was observed Consequence affected behavior with reinforcement > punishment No consequence group same results as reinforced group |
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Social learning... what are Vicarious Consequences ?
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outcomes of a model’s behavior that are used to infer potential outcome if one were to commit in a similar act
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Social learning... what are Vicarious Rewards / Punishments?
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outcomes of model’s behavior that observer perceives as desirable or undesirable (respectively), and which increase or decrease probability of imitating behavior
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What are the factors in determining modeling?
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- high status models are more likely to be imitated than low ones
- greater perceived similarity between model and observer, the greater probability of imitation will occur - greater number of models likely to have greater impact - gratifying emotions following completion of act can have self-reinforcing affect |
