Learning Theory And Behavior Therapy

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Thorndike

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"Animal Intelligence" monograph
cat boxes - rewards w/learning to push lever
thought learning pattern for both animals/humans was trial-and-error, mechanistic

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Thorndike's Law of Effect

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Responses followed by satisfaction tend to be repeated and discomfort tend not to be repeated.

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Thorndike's Law of Exercise

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A response repeated often in presence of particular stimulus will more likely be repeated in presence of that stimulus.

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Thorndike's Law of Readiness

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Organism must be ready to perform act befroe performing it could be satisfying

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Transfer of training

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specific not general
caused by similarity of concepts not intellectual faculties

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Thorndike's "identical elements"

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transfer of learning increases as similarity of stimulus and response elements in training and performance environments increases

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Who is considered the "father of behaviorism"

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Watson

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Watson's belief about learning

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learning due to classical conditioning involving innate reflexes
-"radical behavioralism"

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Optimal time between CS and US for CR to occur?

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.5 seconds, though optimal time depends on what behavior is being conditioned

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CR is strongest and most rapidly acquired when _____ is used.

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delayed procedure - CS before but overlaps US

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CR is least likely to be acquired when ____ is used.

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backward conditioning - US precedes CS.

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"reinforcement" in classical conditioning vs. operant conditioning

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classical - a signal reinforces an involuntary (natural) response
operant - reinforcement increases voluntary behavior

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spontaneous recovery

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when an organism no longer responds to the CS but reappears later (evidence an extinguished response is not forgotton only suppressed)

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stimulus generalization

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response is elicited by similar stimulus (i.e. white rat vs. any white furry animal)

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higher-order conditioning

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Having a CS become a US for another stimulus.
Second CS is typically weaker.
Pavlov could only achieve second-order, not third-order conditioning.

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sensory pre-conditioning

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two CS's are paried during preconditioning sessions and both presented alone exhibit UR.

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Pseudoconditioning

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When the change in behavior is not conditioned to the stimuli, rather to the learning situation itself. (i.e. cues in entire room put together rather than loud noise elicits response)

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experimental neurosis

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a result of making difficult discriminations between stimuli

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counter-conditioning

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pairing an undesirable behavavior with an incompatible behavior to eliminate it. ex. systematic desensitization, assertiveness training, sensate focus

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Author of systematic desensitization

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Wolpe

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Techniques based on classical extinction

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flooding and implosive therapy

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Flooding

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Guthrie
a.k.a. deliberate exposure w/response prevention
exposing individual to anxiety-provoking stimuli while preventing avoidance response

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graded exposure

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a variation of flooding whhere the person is gradually exposed to aspects of the feared stimulus
- found as effective and instant exposure

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Which more effective: in-vivo flooding or imaginal flooding?

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in-vivo

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Which more effective: prolonged exposure or brief exposure?

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prolonged

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What has been found to be effective in tx of Agoraphobia and OCD?

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in-vivo flooding or graded exposure

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implosive vs. imaginal therapy

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Stampfl
implosive involves a psychoanalytic as well as behavioral component. Imagery includes psychodynamic themes such as aggression, sexuality etc.

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Aversive conditioning

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a noxious stimulus is paired with a behavior targeted for elimination so that avoidance response is elicited by targeted behavior, ex. antabuse.
**noxious stimulus is the US

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covert sensitization

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aversive conditioning taking place through imagination, using unpleasant images.
-effective in paraphilias

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The principle underlying systematic desensitization's success?

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exposure to feared stimulus or extinction, although developed on principles of counterconditioning

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operant extinction

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withdrawal of reinforcement from a previously reinforced behavior so that the behavior is decreased or eliminated.

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response burst

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phenomena of temporary increase in behavior that occurs when reinforcer is removed

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behavioral contrast

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when two behaviors are reinforced and one is extinguised, the second behavior increases

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spontaneous recovery

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responses increase after extinction without reinforcement (like classical conditioning)

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primary vs. secondary reinforcers

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primary - inherently valuable, i.e. food, water
secondary - allows one to acquire primary reinforcer, i.e. money

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generalized secondary reinforcers (generalized conditioned reinforcers)

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A reinforcer that can allow one to acquire many different primary reinforcers, i.e. tokens or money can buy food, shelter, entertainment etc.

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continuous reinforcement schedule

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reinforcing every response
quick learning, but quick extinction

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Switching from continuous to intermittent reinforcement to increase resistance to extinction after behavior is learned is called what?

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thinning

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Fixed ratio vs. fixed interval schedule

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fixed ratio - reinforcement after a fixed NUMBER of responses
fixed interval - reinforcement after fixed TIME period regardless of # of responses

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scallop effect

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occurs during fixed interval schedules

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Which intermittent schedule produces lowest rate of responding?

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Fixed Interval, also lowest resistance to extinction

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Variable ratio vs. variable interval

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VR - reinforce after variable number of responses, ex. gambling.
VI - reinforcement after unpredictable amount of time, ex. pop quizzes

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Which intermittent schedule produces highest rate of responding?

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Variable ratio, also highest resistance to extinction

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Matching law

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when given two+ opportunities for reinforcement, rate of each response is proportional to rate of reinforcement.

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avoidance conditioning

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Mowrer's two factor theory
combo of classical and operant conditioning, ex. claustrophobia
-1)behavior is avoided through pairing of aversive stimuli w/event and 2) avoidance responses are negatively reinforced by termination of fear/anxiety when behavior is avoided

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Discriminative stimulus

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environmental cue that a behavior will be reinforced

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S-Delta stimulus

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environmental cue that a behavior will not be reinforced

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stimulus discrimination or stimulus control

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when the presence of one stimulus but not another produces behavior

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stimulus generalization

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learning to respond to a similar but different stimulus

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chaining

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Explains acquisition of complex behaviors.
Each response in series acts as both a secondary reinforcer for previous response as well as discriminative stimulus for the next response in chain.

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response generalization

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reinforcement increases similar responses

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shaping

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reinforcing closer and closer approximations of desired behavior

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shaping vs. chaining

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shaping's outcome is one specific, simple behavior while chaining's outcome is a series of several independent behaviors and each is important

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adventitious reinforcement

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accidental or coincidental pairing of response and reinforcement, ex. superstitious behavior.

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Factors influence effectiveness of reinforcement

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1. positive reinforcement available only after target behavior
2. Shortest interval
3. switch from continuous to intermittent
4. clarification of relationship
5. greater magnitude = greatest effectiveness (to a point then satiation occurs)

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Factors influence effectiveness of punishment

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1. extreme and continual
2. sooner delievered
3. consistently applied
4. clarification of relationship and warning cue
5. reinforcing alternate behaviors
6. maximum intensity at outset (avoiding habituation, similar to tolerance)

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Effects of removing punishment

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Behavior returns to baseline
At first reaches level higher than baseline

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Shaping often used in treating which disorder?

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Autism, i.e. language development

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Premack Principle

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using a high probability behavior to reinforce a low probability behavior, ex. study first then watch tv

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Time-out

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secluding access to positive reinforcers
-a form of extinction
-if isolation is aversive stimulus then also punishment

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overcorrection

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correction of negative behavior while also repeated and exaggerated practice of appropriate behavior

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response cost

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negative punishment
removal of pre-specified reward when a behavior is performed, ex. removal of allowance

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Which punishment technique is most effective?

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response cost
ex. when teaching sociopath response cost more effective then physical punishment or social disapproval

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DRO - differential reinforcement of other behaviors

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operant extinction and positive reinforcement
non-reinforcement of target behavior while reinforcing all other behaviors

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contingency contracting

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establishing a formal written contract that specifies target behaviors and the reinforcers/punishers contingent upon them

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Factors influencing success of contingency contracts

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1)informs both tx strategies as well as expected outcomes
2) explicit about rewards and sanctions
3) behaviors included can be monitored
4) contract elicits stmts of participation from client

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token economy

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structured environment where tokens are used as reinforcers for targeted behaviors. can also include response cost

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Kohler known for?

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Gestalt psychologist
"a-ha!" experience or insight learning as a result of cognitive restructuring of environment

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Law of Closure

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tendency to distort memory of a complete experience in order to experience it as finished

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Zeigarnik Effect

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tendency to remember incomplete tasks easire than complete tasks

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Tolman known for?

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latent learning and cognitive maps

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latent learning

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learning that occurs without reinforcement and does not immediately manifest itself in performance/behavior

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Social learning theory

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modeling, or the tendency to imitate others, accounts for most complex forms of learning

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Bandura's research on modeling shows what?

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1)high status models more likely imitated than low status
2)imitation more likely when perceived as similar to model
3)graded participant modeling > simple modeling/watching

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Harlow known for?

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nature of task can be rewarding enough, intrinsic reward.
Also, "learning how to learn" or learning set/strategy

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Hull known for?

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Drive reduction theory

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Drive Reduction Theory

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Learning is motivated by desires to reduce a drive (hunger, aggression, sex). ex. hungry rat runs father to food than satiated one

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Miller and Dollard known for?

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Research on learning aggressive behavior.
Approach-Avoidance Conflict

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Approach-Avoidance Conflict

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Miller and Dollard theory
avoidance gradient is stronger than approach gradient (will run faster to avoid shock than to get food).

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imprinting

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the very rapid attachment toward first moving object seen during "sensitive period" of development
-highly genetically organized

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Yerkes-Dodson Law

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1) optimal performance = higher level arousal needed simple tasks, lower for complex task
2) Inverted U relationship, regardless of task difficulty

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Behavioral assessment steps

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ABC model or functional analysis
Antecedents
Behaviors
Consequences

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Ebbinghaus known for?

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first major studies of memory, using self as subject

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multi-store model of memory

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3 levels
1) sensory memory (2-3 sec)
2) short-term memory/primary memory(holding tank - 5-9 pieces of info)
3) long-term memory/secondary memory - unlimited capacity

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Primary memory

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Short term memory (1st step to storage)

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Secondary memory

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long term memory (2nd step to storage)

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chunking

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grouping large amounts of info into smaller related units - increases amt of info that can be retained in STM

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Name the components of long term memory

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1) implicit or procedural - skills/conditioned responses, how to DO things
2) explicit or declarative - memory able to report or declare (not just do unconsciously as in implicit)

Types of explicit/declarative memory:
Semantic - language knowledge
Episodic - event knowledge

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Serial position effect

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when given a list of words, recall words frm beginning and end of list best

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flashbulb memory

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vivid, detailed memories of emotionally-charged events
-more accurate when of personal significance
-fade over time

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anterograde amnesia

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recall info prior to trauma but cannot retain any newly learned info

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retrograde amnesia

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failure to remember events prior to a particular trauma

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Amnesia: neurologically impaired vs. others

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neurologically impaired who have retrograde typically ALSO have anterograde amnesia.
Pseudodementia/psychogenic amnesics typicallly have retrograde but NOT anterograde

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Schema theory of memory

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Memory tend to be filtered through schemas and may be biased to fit

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method of loci

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associating items with visual image

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Eidetic imagery means what?

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photographic memory
More common in children than adults

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What is most effective learning strategy for simple tasks?

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Overlearning

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What is best way to retain new information?

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sleep following learning of new information (limits intereference)

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% of sex abuse victims who later recalled abuse and factors distinguishing them?

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Loftus, 19%
No factors found to distinguish those who repressed and those who remembered

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feature integration theory

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focused visual attention allows us to perceive an object as a whole vs. meaningless features

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Name Thorndike's 3 principal laws

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effect, exercise, readiness