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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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learning is
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a more or less permanent change in behavior potential due to particular kinds of experiences
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why study learning?
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curiosity, practical applications
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3 assumptions psychologists make in study of human behavior
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lawful, can be controlled, control is desirable
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determinism
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current environment, past experience, and genes govern behavior
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free will
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we have the power to determine our own actions
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BFSkinner and free will..
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it is an illusion
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Harlow's study is..
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monkeys and wire cage moms, be able to explain more.
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learning theory is..
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the investigation of the principles of learning and behavior
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polymath + who some polymaths are
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a person whose expertise spans a significant number of different subjects + daVinci, michelangelo
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renaissance man
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a man who is very well educated and/or well rounded
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the father of modern science
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davinci
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2 books published in 1543 that sparked scientific revolution and their authors
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nicolaus copernicus' "on the revolutions of the heavenly spheres" and andreas vesalius' "on the structure of the human body"
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copernicus's book proposed..
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heliocentrism
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founder of modern human anatomy
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vesalius
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Wilhelm Wundt
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1832-1920;first empirical studies of the human mind, structuralism
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epistemology
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nature and scope of knowledge; theory of knowledge
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3 questions of epistemology
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1) what is knowledge 2) how is knowledge acquired 3) how do we know what we know
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rationalism
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all knowledge is gained through the use of logic and careful reasoning
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empiricism
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all knowledge is gained through sense experience
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Rene Descartes
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1596-1650; i think therefore i am; dualist; reflex action; first mechanistic explanation of behavior; animal spirits
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dualism
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mind and matter follow separate laws; soul is immortal; favor rationalism
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monism
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mind and matter are different but follow same laws; soul is immortal; favor empiricism
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materialism
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mind is matter; favor empiricism; soul is mortal
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reflex action
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brain releases animal spirits in response to a nerve stimulus
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"seat of the soul"
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pineal gland
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Thomas Hobbes
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1588-1679;english;materialist;hedonism
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julien offray de la mettrie
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1709-1751;french;"machine man";materialist/empiricist;mental processes are a functionof organic changes in the brain and nervous system
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John Locke
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1632-1704;english;modern conceptions of identity and self; impact on political philosophy;tabula rasa
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David Hume
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1711-1776;scottish;"science of man"-examined psych basis of human nature;desire governs behavior;empiricist;atomistic approach
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Immanuel Kant
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1724-1804; german;said problems with rationalism and empiricism;prioris
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associationism
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the idea that mental processes operate by the association of one state with successive states
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3 laws that govern the formation of associations
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contiguity,frequency,intensity
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Ivan Sechenov
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1829-1905;father of russian physiology;reflexes;brain activity is linked to electric currents
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Charles Darwin
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1809-1882;english naturalist;natural selection;HMS Beagle;essentialism
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3 components of evolution through natural selection
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variation,selection,retention
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essentialism
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every creature is unique and doesn't change
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comparative psychology
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comparing the psychologies of animals and humans
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George Romanes
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1848-1894;english;foundation of comparative psychology;linear evolution; ideas can be passed on; liberal view
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C Lloyd Morgan
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1852-1936;british;Morgans Canon;conservative(i.e.in attributing intelligence to animals)
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Morgan's Canon
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we need to avoid the tendency to anthropomorphize animals
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associative learning
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the learning about the relationship between two events
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Ivan Pavlov
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1849-1936;Russian;classical conditioning;conditioned reflex;dog; learning is simply strengthening neural connections
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second order conditioning
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CS1-US then CS2-CS1
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sensory preconditioning
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CS2-CS1 then CS1-US
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Edward Lee Thorndike
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1874-1949;connectionism;father of modern educational psychology;puzzle box;operant conditioning;law of effect
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reinforcement
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an increase in the probability of a response due to the presentation of a reinforcer following that response
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punishment
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a decrease in the probability of a response due to the presentation of a punisher following that response
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JBWatson
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1879-1958;american;established behaviorism;myelin related to learning ability in rats;little albert
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little albert experiment
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conditioned fear of rats by Watson-->ethical concerns
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BFSkinner
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1904-1990;american behaviorist; operant conditioning chamber;cumulative recorder;radical behaviorism
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Edward C Tolman
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1886-1959;american behaviorist;latent learning;intervening variable/theoretical construct
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latent learning
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learning occurs even when it is not needed/displayed
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intervening variable/theoretical construct
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ex. thirst
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Clark L Hull
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1884-1952;american psychologist;drive theory
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drive theory
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deprivation->need->drive->behavior->goal directed->achieving goal has survival value
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Donald Hebb
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1904-1985;Canadian;father of neuropsychology;hebbs law;he connected the biological function of the brain as an organ with the higher function of the mind
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Hebb's Law
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neurons that fire together wire together
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how connections are strengthened biologically
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more neurotransmitters and/or more receptors
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Wolfgang Kohler
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1887-1967;Gestalt psychologist;insight learning
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3 properties of insight learning
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based on the animal perceiving the solution to the problem, not dependent on rewards, once a problem has been solved it is easier to solve a similar problem
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Henry Harlow
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1905-1981;american;social isolation&maternal separation experiments on monkeys;learning sets(contrary to insight);
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learning sets
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learning how to learn; monkeys getting better at learning to choose correct thing over time once it is identified
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case study on gill withdrawel in slugs
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habituation, sensitization(DOES NOT EQUAL SENSITIZED RESPONSE);ways to use trials&elimination to determine where signal changing(habituation) occurs
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