Learning-Psych 181

Front 1

what does UCS stand for? give definition and an example.

Back 1

Unconditioned Stimulus
unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a response
EX. when i smell one of my favorite foods i immediately feel very hungry, smell of food it the unconditioned stimulus

Front 2

what is classical conditioning?

Back 2

an organism comes to associate stimuli (or events occurring in their external environment) and thus is able to anticipate events

Front 3

what is CS stand for? give definition and an example.

Back 3

Conditioned Stimulus
a previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming, associated with the unconditioned stimulus, eventually comes to trigger the conditioned response
ex. every time the lights came on you smelled pepper and you sneezed. the lights are the conditioned stimulus

Front 4

what does UCR stand for? give definition and an example.

Back 4

Unconditioned Response. unlearned response that occurs naturally in response to the unconditioned stimulus.
ex. the feeling of hunger in the response to the smell of food (unconditioned stimulus) is the unconditioned response

Front 5

what does CR stand for? give definition and an example.

Back 5

Conditioned Response.
the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus.
ex. now every time the lights come on you sneeze.

Front 6

what is a neutral stimulus?

Back 6

the stimulus prior to being the conditioned stimulus. becomes a conditioned stimulus when associated with an unconditioned stimulus.
ex. the lights before they were associated with the smell of pepper.
ex.

Front 7

What is acquisition?

Back 7

the initial stage in classical conditioning
-the neutral stimulus is paired with the unconditioned response
ex. lights with the smell of pepper to get conditioned response. (sneezing with lights)

Front 8

what is stimulus generalization?

Back 8

when new stimulus that resembles the conditioned stimulus elicits the conditioned response.
EX. a toddler that is taught to fear moving car will also fear moving trucks and motorcycles even though he wasn't taught to fear the truck or motorcycle

Front 9

what is stimulus discrimination?

Back 9

-when a stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus fails to create a conditioned response
-ex. pavlov's dog salivates to a white dish, but not a blue one.

Front 10

what is extinction?

Back 10

the weakening and eventual disappearance of a learned response. CS is no longer paired with UCS.
-ex. you were terrified when you saw a pit bull but now you are calm.

Front 11

what is spontaneous recovery?

Back 11

the reappearance of a learned response (CR) after its apparent extinction
-ex. the smell of my ex-girlfriends shampoo reminded me of her, but only on occasion. it comes and goes but in time will diminish

Front 12

what is operant conditioning?

Back 12

a behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if follow by a punisher.

Front 13

what is positive reinforcement?

Back 13

increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli.
-Ex. you ask your dog to shake and you give them a treat in response

Front 14

what is negative reinforcement?

Back 14

increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli
-Ex. taking aspirin will relive your headache. pushing the snooze button silences my alarm. not a punishment, removes a punishing event

Front 15

what is a positive punishment?

Back 15

when a unpleasant consequence follows a response, making the response less likely to recur.
behavior is followed by an undesirable event.
-Ex. by petting gonzo's body i know i will be bitten. this decreases the likely hood of petting gonzo's body in the future

Front 16

what is a negative punishment?

Back 16

when an unpleasant consequence is removed following a response making the response less likely to recur.
the lose of a desirable event or state.
-ex. if i talk back to mom and i lose my tv privileges. this decreases the likely hood of me talking back.

Front 17

what is shaping?

Back 17

an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforces guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.

Front 18

what are some real world examples of classical conditioning?

Back 18

fears, phobias, you hear a song at a funeral and so you will forever think of death when you hear the song

Front 19

what is continuous reinforcement?

Back 19

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

Front 20

what is partial (intermittent) reinforcement?

Back 20

reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement.

Front 21

what are the benefits of continuous reinforcement?

Back 21

learn faster but will forget quickly, will master a certain thing but then forget it quickly if not practiced any more

Front 22

what are the benefits of intermittent reinforcement?

Back 22

learn slowly but will remember a long time. greater resistance to extinction

Front 23

what is a fixed-ratio schedules?

Back 23

reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses.

Front 24

what is an example of a fixed-ratio schedules?

Back 24

a car dealer being paid for how many cars they sell. have to sell 5 cars before getting any money.

Front 25

what is a variable-ratio schedules?

Back 25

reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses. this is hard to extinguish because of the unpredictability

Front 26

what is an example of a variable-ratio schedules?

Back 26

gambling, fishing, hunting

Front 27

what is a fixed-interval schedule?

Back 27

in operant conditioning, reinforces a response only after a specific time has elapsed.

Front 28

what is an example of fixed-interval schedule?

Back 28

getting an email everyday at 5, every friday you have a quiz, or a pay check

Front 29

what is a variable-interval schedule?

Back 29

reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals, which produces slow, steady responses.

Front 30

what is an example of variable-interval schedule?

Back 30

pop quizzes, getting an email at random times of the day

Front 31

describe the bobo the clown study?

Back 31

a child was placed in a room with a bobo the clown and an adult. the adult played with the clown by hitting and kicking the doll and screaming "sock him in the nose, kick him, and hit him down". the child had his toys taken away from him so he became irritated. he was place in a different room with other toys and bobo the clown. the child played with violent behaviors the exact same way the adult played with the doll.

Front 32

who the researcher responsible for describing Observational Learning?

Back 32

Albert Bandura

Front 33

what is Observational Learning?

Back 33

learning while observing others

Front 34

how does Observational Learning effect aggression?

Back 34

children learn to behave aggressively by watching others behave aggressively. like kenton and aden watching spider-man.