Learning Processes Mid Term

Front 1

a connection between the representation of two events such that the occurrence of one of the event activated the representation of the other

Back 1

association

Front 2

the view of behavior according to which actions can be separaed into two categories: voulntary behavior controlled by the mind and involuntary behavior controlled by reflex mechanisms

Back 2

dualism

Front 3

the philosophy proposed by Hobbes according to which the actions of organisms are detemined entirely by the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain

Back 3

hedonism

Front 4

an enduring change in the mechanisms of behavior involving specific stimuli and/or responses that result from proir experience with similar stimuli and responses

Back 4

learning

Front 5

a change in behavior caused by physical or physiological development of the organism in teh absence of experience with particular enviornmental events

Back 5

maturation

Front 6

an organism's activities at a particular time

Back 6

performance

Front 7

a mechanism that enables a specific environmental event to elicit a specific response

Back 7

reflex

Front 8

the variable controlled and manipulated by the experimenter

Back 8

independent variable

Front 9

the response measured by an experimenter to determine whether the independent variable was effective

Back 9

dependent variable

Front 10

uncontrolled variable that causes systematic changes in the dependent variable

Back 10

extraneous or confounding variable

Front 11

the group exposed to the independent variable

Back 11

experimental group

Front 12

the group compared with the experimental group that is not exposed to the independent variable

Back 12

control

Front 13

behavior that occurs early in a natural behavior sequence and serves to bring the organism into contact with a releasing stimulus

Back 13

appetitive behavior

Front 14

behavior that serves to bring a natural sequence of behavior to consummation or completion.

Back 14

consummatory behavior

Front 15

recovery of an habituated response as a result of a strong extraeous stimulus

Back 15

dishabituation

Front 16

the second component of the feeding behavior sequence, following general search, in which the organism engages in behavior focused on a particular location or stimulus that is indicative of the presence of food

Back 16

focal search mode

Front 17

a progressive decrease in the vigor of elicited behavior that may occur with repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus

Back 17

habituation

Front 18

a response pattern exhibited in much the same way by most, if not all, memberes of a species.

Back 18

modal action patterns

Front 19

a compensatroy mechanism that occurs in respone to the primary process elicited by biologically significant events. caused physiological and behavioral changes that are the opposite of those caused by the primary process

Back 19

opponent process

Front 20

an increase in the vigor of elicited behavior that may result from repeated presentation of the eliciting stimulus or from exposure to a strong extraneous stimulus

Back 20

sensitization effect

Front 21

recovery of a response produced by a period of rest after habituation or extinction

Back 21

spontaneous recovery

Front 22

the shortest neural pathway that connects the sense organs stimulated by an eliciting stimulus and the muscles involved in making the elicited response

Back 22

S-R system

Front 23

focuses on how behavior influences survival and reproductive success.

Back 23

adaptation

Front 24

focuses on the neurological and phsiological processes that underlie and control behavior

Back 24

causation

Front 25

focuses on behavioral changes due to processes such as maturation, early experience and learning

Back 25

development

Front 26

examines similarities and differences in behavior between species

Back 26

evolution

Front 27

suppression of positively reinforced instrumental behavior caused by the presentation of a stimulus that has become associated with an aversive stimulus

Back 27

condtioned emotional response or conditioned suppression

Front 28

a procedure in which both conditioned and unconditioned are presented, but with sufficient time between them so that they do not become associated with each other.

Back 28

explicitly unpaired control

Front 29

movement toward and possibly contact with a stimulus that signals the availability of a positive reinforcer

Back 29

autoshaping

Front 30

a classical condtioning procedure in which the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus are presented simultaneously on each conditioning trial

Back 30

simultaneous conditioning

Front 31

a conditioning procedure that reverses the organism's previous response to a stimulus

Back 31

counterconditioning

Front 32

a procedure in which a previously conditioned stimulus is used to condtions a new stimulus

Back 32

higher-order conditioning

Front 33

the learning of an association between twp stimuli, with the resule that exposeure to one of the stimuli comes to activate a representation of the other stimulus

Back 33

S-S learning

Front 34

a procedure in which one biologically weak stimulus (CS2) is repeatedly paired with another boologically weak stimulus (CS1). then, CS1 is conditioned with an uncondtioned stimulus. in a later test trail, CS2 also will elicit the condtioned response, even though CS2 was never directly paired with the inconditioned stimulus.

Back 34

sensory preconditioning

Front 35

the significance or noticeability of a stimulus to the organism.

Back 35

stimulus salience

Front 36

the theoretical idea that the outcome of classical conditioning is that organisms come to respond to the conditioned stimulus in much the same way that they respond to the unconditioned stimulus

Back 36

stimulus substitution

Front 37

interference with conditioning produced by repeated exposures to the unconditioned stimulus before the conditioning trials that usually retards the subsequent conditioning of that stimulus

Back 37

US-preexposure effect

Front 38

twp stimuli can become associated with each other even though both elicit strong responses initially

Back 38

counterconditioning

Front 39

a pleasant or satisfying stimulus that can be used to positively reinforce an instrumental response

Back 39

appetitive stimuluse

Front 40

an unpleasant or annoying stimulus than can be used to punish and instrumental response

Back 40

aversive stimulus

Front 41

a stimulus that becomes an effective reinforcer because of its association with a primary or an unconditioned reinforcer

Back 41

conditioned reinforcer

Front 42

an instrumental conditioning procedure in whicha (+) reinforcer is periodically delivered only if the paricipant fails to perform a particular response

Back 42

differential reinforcement of other behavior

Front 43

a method of instrumental conditioning in which the participant can perform the instrumental response only during specified periods

Back 43

discrete-trial method

Front 44

a method of instrumental conditioning that permits repeated performance of the instrumental response without the participant being removed from the experimental chamber

Back 44

free-operant method

Front 45

an activity that occurs because it is effective in producing a particular consequence or reinforcer

Back 45

instrumental behavior

Front 46

a response that increases in frequency after the delivery of a periodic reinforcer and then declines as time for the next reinforcer approaches

Back 46

interim response

Front 47

a theoretical idea that assumes that during exposure to inescapable and unavoidable aversion stimulation, participants learn that their behavior does not control environmental events

Back 47

learned-helplessness hypothesis

Front 48

a prliminary stage of instrumental conditioning in which a stimulus is repeatedly paired with the reinfocer to enable the participant to learn to go and get the reinforcer when it is presented.

Back 48

magazine training

Front 49

a procedure in which the instrumental response is immediately followed by a instrumental response more memorable and helps overcome the deleterious effects of delayed reinforcement

Back 49

marking procedure

Front 50

an instrumental conditioning procedure in which there is a negative contingency between the instrrumental response and an aversive stimulus. (if the instrumental response is performed, the aversive stimulus is terminated or prevented from occuring; if the instrumental response is not performed, the aversive stimulus is presented)

Back 50

negative reinforcement

Front 51

an instrumental conditioning procedure in which the instrumental respone prevents the delivery of a reinforcing stimulus

Back 51

omission training

Front 52

a response that is defined by the effect it produces in the environment (pressing a lever)

Back 52

operant response

Front 53

an instrumental condtitioning procedure in which there is a (+) contingency between the instrumental response and a reinforcing stimulus. (if the participant performs that response, it receives the reinforcing stumulus; if the participant does not perform the response, it does not reciece the reinforcing stimulus

Back 53

positive reinforcement

Front 54

an istrumental conditioning procedure in which there is a (+) contengency between the instrumental response and an aversive stimulus. (if the participant perfomrs the instrumental response, it receives the aversive stimulus; if the participant does not perform the instrumental response, it does not recieve the aversive stimulus

Back 54

punishment

Front 55

reinforcement of successive approximantions to a desired instrumental response

Back 55

shaping