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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What receptors trigger cough?
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C fibers
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What is a chemical receptor to trigger cough? What kind of food is it in?
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Capsaicin. SPicy food
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What are the irritant receptors triggered by?
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Chemical or mechanical signals.
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What is the main sensory nerve for cough reflex?
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The vagus nerve
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Which smaller sensory nerves feed into the vagus nerve?
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The internal and superior laryngeal nerves
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What does the vagus nerve innervate into?
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The medulla
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Where does it go from the medulla?
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The motor cortex
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What are the main motor pathways for cough down from the motor cortex?
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Also the vagus nerve and the internal and superior laryngeal nerves
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What kind of autonomic system is stimulated along with the cough reflex? What does this do?
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The parasympathetic NS. It constricts the smooth muscle of the bronchioles.
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Do the laryngeal nerves go through the spinal cord? What does their pathway look like?
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No. They have their own routes that are all over the place.
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What happens anatomically and physically during a cough? (The vocal cords and the breathing muscles)
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They shut, leading to a transient upper airway occlusion. Then pressure builds up when the expiratory muscles contract. Then they open up and let all the built up pressure shoot up.
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What can you do to maximize the effectiveness of coughing to move stuff out?
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You take a deep breath and cough and then cough at progressively smaller starting volumes.
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What are some causes of metabolic acidosis? (3)
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1. Ketoacidosis from fat metabolism
2. Exercise 3. Diarrhea |
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What are two causes of ketoacidosis?
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1. Diabetes imbalance
2. Starvation |
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Where is the CFTR gene located?
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Chromosome 7
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Why is it hard to do genetic testing?
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There are over 1,500 mutations of the CFTR gene that lead to CF.
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What is another name for CF?
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Mucoviscidosis
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What is the most deadly organism to people with CF?
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P. aeruginosa
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How is P. aeruginosa able to survive in the mucous of the airways as a faculative anerobe?
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There is very low oxygen in the mucous and the mucous also blocks up airways preventing much O2 from getting in. It can survive better than other pathogens in this environment.
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What part of the lung does bronchiectasis usually affect? Why?
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Lower lobes, especially the vertical tracts because of gravity.
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What part of the lung does cystic fibrosis usually affect? Why?
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Apical. No idea!
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What is the dangerous progression of colonization in bronchiectasis?
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Creation of biofilms
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Why are biofilms dangerous?
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It creates a barrier that the immune system can't break through with their antibodies, complement system, or immune cells. Antibiotics also can't penetrate it.
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What is in a mucous plug?
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mucous, RBC's, dead epithelial cells.
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Where do mucous plugs cause trouble?
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In exocrine ducts
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What will eventually happen to the exocrine cells?
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They will necrotize and scar over.
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Which ducts are affected first? How does it progress?
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The small ducts and it progresses to larger and larger ducts, creating more and more problems.
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What does the mucous plug look like on a histological slide.
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It is pink because of eosin staining the protein.
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What color is the normal tissue.
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purple and pink because they have nuclei and cytoplasm.
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Why do only exocrine glands get mucuous plugs?
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They are the only ones that need mucous linings and have ducts.
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Why are there white spaces around a mucous plug in a histological slide?
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There is dehydration of the mucous plug when you take it out.
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Will you have high or low lymphocytes in a chronic infection? Why?
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Low. They get used up by the immune attack.
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What kind of bacteria have beta-lactamase?
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The kind that are resistant to beta lactam antobiotics.
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What are some beta lactam antibiotics? (3)
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Penicillin
cephamycins carbapenems |
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Which one is most resistant to beta lactamase?
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carbapenems
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What is the first organism to start colonizing in cystic fibrosis?
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Staph aureus
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Where is Staph aureus usually found?
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Skin, mouth, nasopharynx, intestinal tracts
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What does colonization of Staph aureus usually follow? Why?
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Viral upper respiratory infection. Because this damages the tissue enough for staph aureus to penetrate.
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