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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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epistemology |
philosophical study of how we come to have knowledge |
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Descartes |
we learn but there are other sources of knowledge that don't depend on experience |
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nativism |
knowledge that is innately given |
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rationalism |
knowledge derived from a reasoning, logical and intuiting mind |
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Locke |
empiricism and contiguity |
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empiricism |
origin of all knowledge is in experience |
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contiguous |
we associate objects/events together when they occur close together in time or space; frequency, similarity and contrast |
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learning (formal) |
relatively permanent observed change in behavior (repertoire) that occurs as a result of experience |
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4 parts of learning formal definition |
a. an observed change in behavior b. learning involves changes in behavioral repertoire (the stock of behavior that may be performed) c. learning occurs as a result of experience d. learning is said to be relatively permanent |
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difference between learning and memory |
learning refers to the acquisition of knowledge, whereas memory deals with retaining and recalling the acquired knowledge |
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orienting response (OR) |
an automatic response to investigate something (a reflex); occurs when a novel or unexpected stimulus is presented |
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habituation |
the decrease in orienting responses to a stimulus that is repeatedly presented |
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perceptual learning |
we can learn more about a stimulus when it is easily perceived and increased experience with stimuli allows such enhanced perceptions to occur |
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mere exposure effect |
people tend to develop a preference for things merely because they are familiar with them |
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dishabituation |
the fast recovery of a response that has undergone habituation, typically as a result of the presentation of a novel, strong or sometimes noxious stimulus |
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classical conditioning |
the presentation of two (or more) events in an experimentally determined temporal relationship |
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unconditioned stimulus |
an event that consistently and automatically elicits an unconditioned response |
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unconditioned response |
an action that the unconditioned stimulus automatically elicits |
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conditioned stimulus |
initially a neutral stimulus, after repeated pairings with the US, the CS elicits the same response as the US |
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conditioned response |
the response elicited by the conditioned stimulus due to training |
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eyeblink conditioning |
US: airpuff UR: eyeblink CS: tone CR: eyeblink method of measuring: monitoring electrical potentials generated by the eye muscles and recorded from surface electrodes on the skin around the eye |
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skin conductance response (SCR) |
US: mild shock or loud noise UR: mild increase in the SCR CS: a tone or light CR: increase in SCR method of measuring: using electrodes |
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taste aversion in rats |
CS: a novel taste, saccharin-flavored water US: injection of an illness-inducing drug UR: rats' sickness CR: rats' sickness method of measuring: CS is re-presented to assess the degree of conditioning |
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forward-delayed conditioning |
the CS precedes the onset of the US and termination of the CS is delayed until the US is presented; very effective |
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forward trace conditioning |
the CS is a discrete even that is presented and terminated before the US is presented; very effective if the inter-stimuli period is short |
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simultaneous conditioning |
the CS and US are presented at exactly the same time; very weak because there is no time for the subject to anticipate the US |
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backward conditioning |
the US is presented and terminated before the presentation of the CS; not very effective, except in taste aversion |
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CS-US interval |
The CS being presented slightly before the US is the most effect, and maximum conditioning results when the CS-US interval is approximately 200 milliseconds; except with taste aversion |
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CS-US relevance, belongingness |
the idea that certain combinations seem to belong or go together while others do not |
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Garcia and Koelling study |
Rats were presented with a compound CS consisting of a tone, a light and a taste. This was arranged by allowing the rats to lick saccharin-flavored water from a drinking tube. The results showed that the rats that had been ill after exposure to the compound CS refused to drink the saccharin |
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compound conditioning procedure |
when two or more conditioned stimuli occur together before the US, each may become conditioned but to varying degrees |
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blocking |
occurs when the CS is presented in compound with another CS that has already been trained with the US; the already trained CS blocks conditioning to the new CS |
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positive conitingency |
two stimuli tend to occur together and neither tends to occur when the other is absent |
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negative contingency |
one stimulus regularly precedes the absence of another stimulus that is present at other times |
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latent inhibition |
pre-exposures to a CS alone can hinder later conditioning involving that CS |
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second-order conditioning |
when conditioning results from the pairing of a novel CS with a previously conditioned CS |
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sensory preconditioning |
first involves the pairing of two CSs, later, when one of the stimuli is paired with a US and becomes capable of producing a CR, the organism reacts to the other CS as if it to, had been paired with the US |
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extinction |
the decrease and eventual disappearance of a conditioned response once the CS is no longer a reliable signal for a US |
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stimulus response theory (S-R theory) |
the CS becomes merely associated with the UR; the CS comes to elicit the UR or a portion of the UR |
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stimulus-stimulus theory (S-S theory)
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conditioning produces an association between the CS and the US |
