Learning And Memory: Spatial, Motor And Implicit Learning

Front 1

What is the difference between Declarative and Procedural Knowledge?

Back 1

Declarative Knowledge: verbalizable knowledge

Procedural Knowledge: skilled behavior

Front 2

What are the four forms of procedural knowledge?

Back 2

Spatial learning
motor-skill learning
implicit learning
expertise

Front 3

What is the difference between route knowledge and a survey map (cognitive maps)

Back 3

Route knowledge is that of a series of routs in sequence (using episodic memory)

Survey map means to have an abstract image with routes in context like an aerial view (this employs semantic memory)

Front 4

Describe the place vs. Response learning theories in rat spatial learning studies?

Back 4

Tolman described a place theory, there rats knew the "place" of a goal

Hull described a response theory where rats reacted to stimuli with responses leading to the goal.

Front 5

What is anosmic?

Back 5

to be unable to smell

Front 6

One explanation for why rats are using extramaze cues in the radial maze

Back 6

When rotated the rat ends up making more mistakes

Front 7

What is the Morris water maze?

Back 7

where a platform is hidden inside a pool of cloudy water to which the subject must swim towards and sequentially remember in proceeding trials

Front 8

Which anatomical part of the brain is associated with spatial learning?

Back 8

the Hippocampus, namely on the right hemisphere

Front 9

Define a Landmark

Back 9

Elements of the environment that by virtue of distinctive features or meaning stand out

Front 10

Two effects that occur due to spatial schemas

Back 10

Distortion of recall
Facilitation organization

Front 11

What is a common schematic organization we engage in when comparing a map to the environment?

Back 11

Assuming "forward" direction in the environment is the top side of the map

Front 12

Does organization occur in spatial learning?

Back 12

Yes, as proven by monkeys who organized a route by least distance traveled and priority of 18 pieces hidden

Front 13

Define Motor skills learning?

Back 13

acquisition of precisely adjusted movement where amount direction and duration of responding corresponds to variations in regulating the stimuli

Front 14

Three components of motor skills learning?

Back 14

cognition
motor skills
perception

Front 15

One real world application of mirror drawing?

Back 15

dentistry

Front 16

Two important controlling factors in motor skills learning?

Back 16

Practice
Feedback

Front 17

What is the power law?

Back 17

Where each increment in proficiency is a logarithm of the number of times practices....
example: X+x^2+x^3=

Front 18

What schedule of learning is most effective in motor skills learning?

Back 18

Spaced repetitions

Front 19

When learning multiple tasks, what schedule of learning is ideal?

Back 19

Spaced alternating schedule, where tasks are alternated within the day but sessions are spaced

Front 20

Explain practice dependent and independent learning

Back 20

Dependent: learning through practice

Independent: consolidation through sleep

Front 21

In motor skills learning what type of reinforcement of KR (knowledge of results) is ideal?

Back 21

Quick, frequent, detailed feedback

Front 22

Why is it spaced KR resulted in better long term improvement?

Back 22

Self guidance theory: Massed and consistent feedback created a dependency on feedback from external sources

Front 23

Why is delayed KR better?

Back 23

Participants develop their own detection capabilities:

Due to short term memory of motor skills rehearsed to encode information

Front 24

Implicit learning is defined as?

Back 24

Acquisition of complex environment independent of conscious awareness

Front 25

One form of everyday implicit learning?

Back 25

Grammar rules

Front 26

What is the serial reaction time procedure?

Back 26

Where a pattern of response type items are presented without telling the participant of a patter

Used to test implicit learning

Front 27

Two ways unconscious awareness of learning is shown?

Back 27

Performance but without ability to articulate why

Developing a "liking" feeling

Front 28

One difference between priming and skill learning (procedural learning)

Back 28

Priming: occurs after single presentation
Procedural: occurs after practice

Front 29

Damage to what area of the brain causes deficiency in the motor components of learning?

Back 29

Basal ganglia

like those with Huntington's Parkinson"s disease

Front 30

How long does it take to become an expert?

Back 30

10 years

Front 31

Explain Andersons adaptive control of thought theory? (ACT)

Back 31

1. Declarative Stage: practice of factual knowledge
2. Knowledge Compilation (Transition) pockets of information are consolidated into LTM
3. Procedural stage:Skill refinement: strengthening of procedures

Front 32

What is the Vanishing instructions method?

Back 32

Where entire steps are presented, which as learning occurs are increasingly erased

Front 33

What is Errorless discrimination method?

Back 33

Where discrimination of response is always right at the start, as errored responses disrupt the process of recall later on

Front 34

Two ways to improve building design?

Back 34

placing map accurately in accordance of actual direction of environment

Color coding floors for distinction

Front 35

What are the four guidelines of better LTM storage?

Back 35

Optimize conditions of training
Optimize learning strategy used
Achieve automaticity
Optimize retention conditions

Front 36

Name three memory skills and use of?

Back 36

Skilled memory theory: efficiency in encoding through partitioning information

Good map learners: Partitioning Maps into Visuospatial imagery

Acting: active experience where learning includes generating: meaning emotion and experiencing the information