Learning And Memory (Short Term Memory) Chapter 8

Front 1

Recall of a current list of items is affected by the memory of a previous list.

Material presented earlier interferes with retention or recall of recent information.

Back 1

proactive interference

Front 2

Distractor Task

Back 2

attempts to quantify duration of immediate memory.

Typically consists of counting backwards for a period of time.

Front 3

Attempts to quantify the capacity of immediate memory.

Word attributed to maximum capacity of immediate memory (STM)

Back 3

Memory Span

Front 4

Brown-Peterson Distractor Task

Back 4

Few items presented for retention (usually three letters or words.
Then Distractor task is instructed to be performed.
Recall of list items is asked after random amount of time doing Distractor Task.

Front 5

Release from proactive Interference

Back 5

Occurs when semantic categories of list items changes.

Due to proactive interference laoding onto a single category of words, the change frees up immediate memory to newer category.

Front 6

Longest sequence of items that can be recalled in correct order after a single presentation.

Back 6

Span (Memory Span)

Recall initiated immediately, with no delays or distractors.

Front 7

George Miller (1956)

Back 7

Magical Number 7, plus or minus 2

(referring to average memory span in short term memory)

Front 8

Word Length effect

Back 8

More items can be remembered when shorter words are the "to-be-remembered" items.

Front 9

Articulation Hypothesis

Back 9

The longer a word is taken to articulate, the longer it takes to rehearse and therefore takes longer to retain for later recall.

Front 10

Working Memory

Back 10

Short Term Memory

Front 11

Five features which differentiate Short Term Memory from Long Term Memory

Back 11

Acoustic Encoding
Limited Capacity
Limited Duration
Susceptibility to forgetting
Transfer to Long-Term Memory

Front 12

Which are remembered more easily for Long Term Memory:

Semantic or Acoustic interpretation of Words

Back 12

Long Term Memory encodes words with are Semantically different more easily.

Front 13

Acoustic Encoding

Back 13

A method of encoding which words are remembered as they sound.

(Predominantly, Short Term Memory)

Front 14

Rehearsal strategy for Short Term Memory

Back 14

Speech based memorization.
Remembering the sounds of words numbers etc.

Front 15

Rehearsal strategy for Long term Memory

Back 15

Finding meaning, applying meaning, use of semantic memory.

Front 16

How are LTM stores used to aid STM stores

Back 16

Some items are temporarily stored within the Long Term Store while the additional newer items processed into the short term store.

Front 17

What can constitute an "item"

Back 17

Word, letter, digit.
Preexisting unit of knowledge within the LTM.
This can also mean using coding systems to encode complex lists
ex: Binary codes to alphabets.

Front 18

Limited Duration of Short Term Memory,
How long are they?

Back 18

Forgetting can occur after 15-30 of distraction
Or
Clinical Usage of Recent Memory: 1 to several minutes.

Front 19

Suffix Effect

Back 19

Occurs when a recurring item given at the end of many lists creates blurring of "to-be"remembered" items at the end of the list.
Typically more present in language sound items (okay, now recall) instead of sounds like a buzzer.

Front 20

Divided Attention Task

Back 20

Where a task is completed in the presence of background conditions (tv noise, etc.)

Hint 20

Fun Fact!

Varying patterns of noise cause more disruption to memory span than a constant unvarying pattern.

Front 21

Atkinson and Shiffrin's Model for STM to LTM storage

Back 21

Rehearsal,
Repetition allows STM more opportunity to encode information into long-term store.

Front 22

Verbal rehearsal increases what type of knowledge?

Back 22

New vocabulary words

Front 23

Who is K.F. What is his impairment

Back 23

K.F. had impaired Verbal short term memory, thus can not recall words that are said to him, yet he is capable of memorizing a list of ten words....

This leads to two possibilities: retention in STM is not necessary, or different STM stores are used to deposit items into LTM

Front 24

Reasons to why memories in STM do not always process into LTM

Back 24

Activities must be employed:
Forming mental images,
actively interassociating between LTM and STM,
organizing materials with STM help and benefit LTM retention.

Front 25

DMTS (Delayed Matching-to-Sample Procedure)

Back 25

A to-be-remember- stimulus is presented, and after a brief delay, several choices stimuli are given, and when subjects choose the stimuli that "matches" the sample is rewarded.

Front 26

When a random sequence is given of a point on a grid moving to different locations, the recall of this pattern is part of what type of STM

Back 26

Spatial Short Term Memory

Front 27

Spatial Short Term Memory Span is more effective when associated with what skill?

Back 27

Mathematical Skills

Front 28

Retroactive interference

Back 28

when the distracting materials effect memory of previously memorized lists.

Front 29

Name 5 Short term Memory stores

Back 29

Visual
Motor Movements
Spatial
Odor

Front 30

In what order to the hearing impaired used encoding methods

Back 30

Sequentially

Front 31

Name the four stores of the Working Memory Model

Back 31

Phonological Memory
Visuospatial Memory
Central Executive (controls the allocation of memory)
Episodic Memory

Front 32

Phonological Store
What does it consist of?

Back 32

Contains Verbal material,
where language processes, rehearsal, verbal problem solving, arithmetic.

Front 33

Visuospatial Sketchpad
What does it store?

Back 33

Visual cues,
Spatial patterns

In dual memory task, both a pattern and the symmetry of that pattern may be tested.

Front 34

Verbal Suppression Technique

Back 34

Remembering a string of words is disrupted by simultaneously having to repeat irrelevant speech sounds.

Front 35

Central Executive
What does it do?

Back 35

Focuses, allocates or distributes attention across multiple tasks.

Front 36

Episodic Buffer
Name it's three functions

Back 36

Integrate information across:
A. Phonological and Visual stores
B. Central Executive
C. Information entry and retrieval from long-term memory

Front 37

One factor affecting memory in those aging

Back 37

Slower processing

Front 38

Another factor affecting memory in those aging. Associated with inhibition.

Back 38

Inhibition of extraneous variables and associations are activated by the target material.

Front 39

What part of working memory does Alzheimer's effect?

Back 39

Impairment has been found in the coordination of attentional resources, specifically by the central executive.

Front 40

Stereotype Threat

Back 40

When a stereotype expects lower performance in certain individuals, the thought can activate anxiety, and among other things, actually lower performance.

Front 41

Worry and anxiety: how does it effect working memory.

Back 41

The activation of negative self talk can activate phonological stores, which in turn limits attentional resources of the central executive.

Front 42

Amnesiac Syndrome

Back 42

where damage to hippocampus and related structures deep within the temporal lobe that leads to inability to further consolidate Long Term Memory.

Front 43

"Short-Term-Memory" syndrome

Back 43

Short term memory impairment, specifically those impaired in the auditory-verbal STM store.

Front 44

Lesion to what two brain areas will call impairment of STM function?

Back 44

Amygdala and Hippocampus

Front 45

How does the Single Memory Approach memory storage?

Back 45

Memory is stored in a single area, a collective of neurons and when items are brought to attention they change from being inactive to active. Latent memory is seen as LTM and it's activation is seen as STM.

Front 46

Memory-Attribute model

Back 46

Where a single memory store is encoded using several attribute, such as smell, sight, touch and sound and feelings.
The rate at which they are later forgotten varies between attributes.

Front 47

Name three uses for short term memory

Back 47

Comprehending and Using Language
Problem Solving
Gateway to Long Term Memory

Front 48

Dysexecutive Syndrome

Back 48

excessive distractibility
perseveration
lack of planning

Front 49

Name three psychologists who distinguished two separate memory stores
Primary and Secondary memory

Back 49

William James
Waugh and Norman

Front 50

What is primary and secondary memory?

Back 50

Primary Memory = immediate memory
Secondary Memory = needs to be brought back into conciousness

Front 51

Atkinson and Shiffrin developed which STM theory?

Back 51

The Multistore Theory

Front 52

What is Baddely and Hitch's theory of STM

Back 52

Working Memory (The 4 parts of)
Central executive
Phonological Loop
Visuospatial
Episodic Buffer