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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What damage did H.M suffer?
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bilateral loss of hippocampi, and parahippocampus
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What symptoms does H.M. suffer from?
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--ten years of retrograde amnesia
--profound anterograde amnesia --retains ability to learn new tasks but does not know he knows them declarative vs. nondeclarative (or procedural) memory |
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What illnesses or other injuries can cause the damage H.M. suffered?
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herpes simplex encephalitis, rupture of anterior cerebral arteries
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What damage did N.A. suffer?
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damage to left dorsomedial thalamus, both mammilary bodies and probably mammilothalamic tract
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What symptoms does N.A. suffer from?
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--impaired long-term, okay short-term
--no retrograde amnesia, is aware of deficits --loss of declarative --retains procedural |
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What damage does Korsakoff's syndrome cause?
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damage mammillary bodies, dorsomedial thalamus, basal frontal lobes
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What is the DSM name for Korsakoff's syndrome?
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alcohol amnestic disorder
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What symptoms does someone with Korsakoff's syndrome suffer from?
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--significant anterograde amnesia
--some retrograde amnesia --confabulation, denial of memory deficits |
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What damage did K.C. suffer?
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damage to left fronto-parietal and right parieto-occipital areas, and to hippocampus and parahippocampal cortex
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What symptoms does K.C. suffer from?
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--retains semantic knowledge and procedural knowledge
--has lost episodic knowledge within declarative memory: semantic vs. episodic |
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What are the four types of memory?
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Iconic memory
Short-term memory Intermediate-term memory Long-term |
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How long does iconic memory last?
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milliseconds to seconds
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How long does short-term memory last?
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seconds to minutes
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How long does Intermediate-term memory last?
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hours to perhaps days
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How long does long-term memory last?
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Perhaps permanent, though malleable.
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What are the two types of declarative memory?
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1) episodic memory
2) semantic memory |
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What are the three types of non-declarative memory?
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1) skill learning
2) priming 3) conditioning |
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What is another term for non-declarative memory?
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procedural
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What is an example of episodic memory?
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Remembering your first day at school.
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What is an example of semantic memory?
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Knowing the capital of France.
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What is an example of skill learning?
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Knowing how to ride a bicycle.
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What is an example of priming?
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Being more likely to use a word you heard recently.
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What is an example of conditioning?
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Salivating when you see your favorite food.
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What are the main brain regions associated with memory in rats?
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Amygdala
Caudate nucleus Hippocampus Extrastriate cortex |
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In rats, what aspect of memory is attributed to the Amygdala?
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Affect
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In rats, what aspect of memory is attributed to the Caudate nucleus?
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own locomotor response
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In rats, what aspect of memory is attributed to the Hippocampus?
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space and time, with "space" or "spatial view" cells
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In rats, what aspect of memory is attributed to the Extrastriate cortex?
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sensory perception
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What are the parts of the human brain system involved in declarative memory?
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Hippocampus-amygdala-frontal system
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What are the parts of the human brain system involved in non-declarative memory?
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Caudate-cerebellar system
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What parts of the human brain are used for encoding pictures?
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right prefrontal (assumes left-hemisphere dominance) and parahippocampal cortex
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What parts of the human brain are used for encoding words?
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left prefrontal and
parahippocampal cortex |
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What parts of the human brain are used for consolidation?
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hippocampus
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Is the process of consolidation quick or lengthy?
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It takes a considerable amount of time (2-4 weeks?)
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What impact does emotion have on memories?
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can enhance recall of emotionally salient aspects, but weakens recall of less-salient aspects
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Why does the emotional aspect of memory affect PTSD?
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It creates the potential of a positive feedback loop, exacerbating the PTSD.
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What parts of the human brain are used for retrieval?
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The hippocampus.
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Is the part of the hippocampus used for consolidation and retrieval the same or different?
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Different.
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What parts of the brain are activated more in autobiographical memories?
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right frontal and temporal lobes.
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What does it mean for a synapse to be plastic?
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It is capable of changing the strength with which it affects the post synaptic target.
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What types of synapses are involved in memory and have shown plasticity?
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neural chain
superordinate circuit cell assembly |
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What are the six ways the can store memory by changing synapses?
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1. Increase (decrease) amount of neurotransmitter
2. Increase (decrease) sensitivity of postsynaptic region 3. Increase (decrease) size of pre- and/or post-synaptic areas 4. Change modulation by another neuron 5. Make a new synapse 6. Shift which neuron inputs to the synapse |
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What part of the brain is responsible for long term potentiation?
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Hippocampus
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What are the three regions of the Hippocampus responsible for LTP?
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CA1
CA2 CA3 |
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What is the main type of LTP complex in CA1?
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AMPA, NMDA receptor complex
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What is the general series of events in AMPA, NMDA receptor complex?
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1. Ca+2 ions enter along with the Na+ once the NMDA gate is fully open
2. This activates protein kinases that catalyze phosphorylation 3. Retrograde messengers enhance presynaptic neurotransmitter release |
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What protein kinases catalyze phosphorylation?
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PKC
CaMK PKA TK |
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What role does CaMK play in phosphorylation?
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increases conductance of AMPA receptor to Na+ and K+ ions and makes more receptors available
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What role does PKC (and possibly PKA) play in phosphorylation?
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activating cAMP responsive element-binding protein (CREB)
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What role does CREB play in phosphorylation?
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recruits transcription factors (i.e., the RNA fragments that do their thing on the endoplasmic reticulum)
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Name some retrograde messengers.
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NO, arachidonic acid
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What type of genes do RNA fragments activated by CREB act upon?
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immediate early genes.
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What do the immediate early genes activated by the AMPA/NMDA receptor complex do?
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govern growth and differentiation of cells by regulating late effector genes
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What effect do Inducible cAMP early repressors have on memory?
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they produce proteins that are antagonists of CREB; enough can prevent LTM
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Is the NMDA receptor essential in memory?
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No. Other areas encode memories differently.
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What compounds are involved in the CA3 area of memory?
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opioid peptides
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What can happen when low concentrations of Ca+2 are present in the hippocampus?
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Long-term depression - the opposite of LTP
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What is the neurochemical theory of memory?
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Short-term, intermediate-term, and long-term are three sequentially linked neurochemical processes.
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The amygdala sends axons to what parts of the brain to modulate memory?
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hippocampus and caudate
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Can the amydgala be influenced by the hippocampus and caudate?
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Yes
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