Learning And Memory

Front 1

Muller & Pilzecker (1900)

Back 1

consolidation hypothesis of memory (that memory is intially in a fragile state)

Front 2

retroactive interference

Back 2

main evidence for Muller & Pilzecker (1900)

Front 3

paired associate learning

Back 3

of nonsense syllables

Front 4

rapid association encoding

Back 4

How would the hippocampus fix the binding problem?

Front 5

Squire (1992)

Back 5

standard consilidation theory

Front 6

topographic

Back 6

what information did EP show can be contained outside the hippocampus?

Front 7

detailed reexperiencing

Back 7

what is memory without the hippocampus missing? (evidence from KC)

Front 8

Teng & Squire (1999)

Back 8

Who reported EP's topographic abilities?

Front 9

Bayley et al (2003)

Back 9

Who concluded episodic as well as semantic memories were equally imaired in hippocampal damage?

Front 10

contexual fear learning

Back 10

make rats afraid of a box

Front 11

socially acquired food preference

Back 11

make rats want food they smelled on another rat

Front 12

Zola and Squire group (2002)

Back 12

Who did the socially acquired food preference experiment for temporally graded amnesia?

Front 13

Reed & Squire (1998)

Back 13

extent of impairment reflects extent of MTL damage

Front 14

Rempel-Clower et al (1996)

Back 14

reported extent of damage, including RB

Front 15

Bolhuis et al (2004)

Back 15

water maze impairment is not temporally graded

Front 16

Nadel & Moscovitch (1997)

Back 16

MTT theory of consolidation for episodic memory

Front 17

redundancy

Back 17

key word for MTT

Front 18

Haist et al (2001)

Back 18

Who dared dispute Ryan et al (2001)?

Front 19

Winocour et al (2007)

Back 19

Moscovitch group putting the transformation theory forth

Front 20

Wiltgen et al (2010)

Back 20

CNQX impairs freezing in discriminators

Front 21

Karlsson & Frank (2009)

Back 21

coordinated hipp-neocortex activity (sharp wave ripples) in brief pauses in waking bahaviour (esp CA3)

Front 22

Jadhav et al (2012)

Back 22

spatial alternation task - disrupting ripples (Frank)

Front 23

Wilson & McNaughton (1994)

Back 23

activity correlations among sets of CA1 cells in slow wave sleep

Front 24

intermittent, synchronised bursts of discharges; high frequency network oscillations

Back 24

ripples

Front 25

Louie & Wilson (2001)

Back 25

temporal patterns of place cell firing in an equivalent timescale in REM

Front 26

Lee & Wilson (2002)

Back 26

temporal patterns of place cell firing in a compressed timescale in slow wave sleep

Front 27

Ji & Wilson (2007)

Back 27

study that showed coincinding periods of elevated activity

Front 28

phase-locked to neucortical up-down states

Back 28

what are some CA1 interneurons to frames?

Front 29

period of elevated activity

Back 29

frame

Front 30

bidirectional interaction

Back 30

hipp. frame (triggered by cortex) projects to cortex biasing activity towards replay

Front 31

passing current at start of EEG ripple

Back 31

how did Girardeau et al (2009) disrupt ripples?

Front 32

Girardeau et al (2009)

Back 32

study that disrupted ripples for 1 h during sleep

Front 33

Frankland et al (2001)

Back 33

study with heterozygous alpha-CaMKII mouse

Front 34

2-deoxy-D-glucose imaging

Back 34

method to see ACC is more active in later training

Front 35

Tse et al (2007)

Back 35

study that showed rapid (3-48 h) consolidation to neocortex

Front 36

paired associations

Back 36

what did rats learn in Tse et al (2007)?

Front 37

PrL

Back 37

where the IEGs (Arc & Zif268) were found

Front 38

Sperling (1960)

Back 38

partial report procedure 30-40 to 75%

Front 39

reverbatory neuronal activity

Back 39

STM is thought to be maintained

Front 40

chunking

Back 40

how do you remember 157 with a 5-9 unit units of information span

Front 41

Atkinson & Shiffrin Modal (multi-store) model

Back 41

sensory to STM to LTM theory

Front 42

KF

Back 42

patient with left parietal-occipital damage

Front 43

a gating entry

Back 43

what STM is not to LTM

Front 44

Baddeley & Hitch (1974)

Back 44

proposed WM

Front 45

subsidiary storage systems

Back 45

WM: a control system assisted by....

Front 46

Petrides (1996)

Back 46

mid DLPFC monitors & maniluates information, mid VLPFC retrieve information from posterior cortical association areas

Front 47

monkey (self-monitoring task)

Back 47

animal evidence for DLPFC in WM

Front 48

PFC stimulus-specific neurons

Back 48

what does monkey DLPFC contain?

Front 49

Petrides & Milner (1982)

Back 49

reported DLPFC damage patients

Front 50

Petrides et al (1993)

Back 50

DLPFC elevated in self-monitoring people (PET)

Front 51

Doyon et al (1996)

Back 51

PET touching study (implicit vs explicit condition)

Front 52

Paulesu et al (2003)

Back 52

storage of verbal info in left posterior cortical auditory areas (Korean)

Front 53

Rao et al (1997)

Back 53

'what' & 'where' converge on D&VLPFC

Front 54

Mitchel et al (2000)

Back 54

binding depends on frontal-hipp. circuit

Front 55

Eichenbaum et al (2007)

Back 55

funcitonal organisation of MTL system ('what' & 'where' convergence)

Front 56

visual paired comparison task

Back 56

like delay match-to sample but with a scene

Front 57

Tulvig (1972)

Back 57

introduced semantic - episodic distinction

Front 58

Tulvig (1985)

Back 58

modified definition to recollective experience

Front 59

Johnson & Redish (2007)

Back 59

support notion of mential time travel in animals

Front 60

Milner

Back 60

studies HM extensively extensively

Front 61

area around San Francisco

Back 61

where did EP live <28?

Front 62

declarative memory theory

Back 62

MTL is a unitary declarative memory system

Front 63

Rey-Osterrieth figure

Back 63

a test anterograde amnesiacs fail to do

Front 64

RB

Back 64

lost his CA1 neurons in a heart bypass surgery

Front 65

Vargha-Khadem, Gadian & Mishkin

Back 65

research of patients with developmental amnesia

Front 66

hippocampal - anterior thalamic system

Back 66

thought to mediate recollection

Front 67

perirhinal - medial dorsal thalamic system

Back 67

thought to mediate familiarity

Front 68

Aggleton & Brown

Back 68

dual process models of recognition

Front 69

constellations of stimuli

Back 69

while PRh is involved in familiarity and recency of a single stimulus, the recollection of what is the hippocampus involved in?

Front 70

ROC curves

Back 70

can separate out familiarity from recollection

Front 71

fornix (to hypothalamus) and fimbria

Back 71

axonal bundles in/out

Front 72

Cornu Ammonis regions

Back 72

CA is short for

Front 73

Andersen et al (1971)

Back 73

introduced the lamellar hypothesis (300 micrometer sections)

Front 74

200,000 - 1,000,000 - 300,000

Back 74

the numbers of LII, DG, and CA3 neurons in the rat brain

Front 75

perforant path

Back 75

EC to hippocampus

Front 76

Schaffer collateral pathway

Back 76

CA3 to CA1

Front 77

Rolls & Kesner (2006)

Back 77

said that in recall CA1 sends backprojections to neocortex to induce activity identical to the one at the time of learning

Front 78

EC-CA3 too week for inducing plasticity, but ok for retrieval

Back 78

what did Kesner lesion studies show?

Front 79

Rolls (1996)

Back 79

theorised on the functional implications of hippocampal connectivity

Front 80

Nakazawa et al (2003)

Back 80

made CA3 specific NMDA KO mouse and did a partial cue probe trial on the water maze

Front 81

Kesner et al (2008)

Back 81

object cued spatial location recall and spatial location cued object recall to show arbitrary associations

Front 82

Gilber et al (2001)

Back 82

DG spatial pattern separation and CA1 spatial temporal order pattern separation; 11% of CA3

Front 83

CA3 - septal nuclei - subiculum - EC

Back 83

how can CA3 bypass CA1 lesion?

Front 84

Brun et al (2002) {Moser}

Back 84

continuous minuature razorblade cuts; annular maze

Front 85

Chevaleyre& Siegelbaum (2010)

Back 85

CA2 paper

Front 86

MEC to proximal CA1

Back 86

MEC & LEC difference in projections to CA

Front 87

lateral LEC & dorsocaudal MEC

Back 87

septal hipp. receives inputs from

Front 88

medial LEC & rostroventral MEC and olfactory regions (through perirhinal), mPFC, and subcortical regions (e.g. hypothalamus)

Back 88

temporal hipp. received inputs from

Front 89

Hunsaker et al (2008) {Kesner}

Back 89

ibotenic acid CA1 lesion in temporal or dorsal hipp. (temporal order of locations, odours, and objects)

Front 90

Bast et al (2009) {Morris}

Back 90

intermediate hipp. paper

Front 91

Rolls et al (1989)

Back 91

found 9% spatial view cells

Front 92

eye-blink trace

Back 92

like delayed conditioning but with a gap

Front 93

ventral CA1

Back 93

important for retention of trace fear conditioning

Front 94

Lee & Kesner (2002)

Back 94

tested intermediate memory via the delayed non-match to place task (10 s vs 5 min)

Front 95

O'Keefe & Dostrovsky (1971)

Back 95

found place cells

Front 96

quasi-Eucledian framework

Back 96

what's the allosteric map organised as?

Front 97

Sharp (1997)

Back 97

subiculum place cells

Front 98

geometric, context

Back 98

what can remapping be cause by (besides changing location)

Front 99

ensemble code for location

Back 99

you need the activity of 80-100 cells to tell where an animal is just by looking at activity

Front 100

Leutgeb et al (2007) {Moser}

Back 100

morph box experiment

Front 101

attractor representation

Back 101

CA3 abrupt change (for pattern completion) is what?

Front 102

Leutgeb et al (2004) {Moser}

Back 102

compared CA3 and CA1 activity in identical boxes across rooms

Front 103

Lee et al (2012)

Back 103

silent CA1 constant current injection to make it place

Front 104

space, phase, orientation

Back 104

components of the triangular grid

Front 105

Brun et al (2008) {Moser}

Back 105

lesioning LIII, CA1 are still place cells

Front 106

linear track maze

Back 106

direction of motion task

Front 107

direct search

Back 107

behavioural context: task

Front 108

Markus et al (1995)

Back 108

showed direct search induces different place cell activity than random search

Front 109

Wood et al (2005)

Back 109

T-maze spatial alternation task

Front 110

Fervinteanu & Shapiro (2003)

Back 110

plus maze

Front 111

Johnson & Redish (2007)

Back 111

forward shifted neural representations

Front 112

Rowland et al (2011)

Back 112

systemic CPP (extensively observed experiment)

Front 113

Hempson et al (1993,9)

Back 113

position, phase, conjunctive, trial type experiment and the anatomically segregated clusters experiment

Front 114

Wood et al (1999)

Back 114

trial type, approach, odour cells

Front 115

Komorowski et al (2009)

Back 115

item-place cells

Front 116

MacDonald et al (2011)

Back 116

time cells

Front 117

movement coordination and precision

Back 117

what is impaired in motor dysmetria

Front 118

motor, cognitive, and emotional behaviours

Back 118

what does the cerebellum generally regulate

Front 119

Doya (2000)

Back 119

same kind of computation regardless of behavioural module

Front 120

anterior interpositus nucleus

Back 120

closing the eyelid nucleus

Front 121

basket cells

Back 121

cerebellar interneurons to PC soma

Front 122

stellate cells

Back 122

cerebellar interneurons to PC dendritic arbours

Front 123

Golgi cells

Back 123

cerebellar interneurons to granule cells

Front 124

stereotypesd sequence of APs with very short inter-spike intervals and declining amplitude

Back 124

Purkinje cell complex spike

Front 125

200,000

Back 125

how many spines in a Purkinje cell?

Front 126

biochemical eligibility trace

Back 126

how could post-synaptic LTD need to wait for at least 100 ms?

Front 127

Marr-Albus-Ito theory

Back 127

theory for varying strength of parallel fibre synaptic inputs

Front 128

200 mill - 40 bill - 15 mill

Back 128

numbers in MF - granule cells - Purkinje cells

Front 129

pattern discrimination capacity

Back 129

what does the plethora of granule cells increase?

Front 130

expansion recoding

Back 130

different combinations of mossy fibres overlap in different granule cells, which can be depressed separately

Front 131

reinforcement, associative (unsupervised), supervised

Back 131

learning in basal ganglia, cortex & cerebellum

Front 132

uniformity of cerebellar architecture

Back 132

Why do we think cerebellar modules process signals in similar ways?

Front 133

learning a well-timed pause in Purkinje cell activity

Back 133

eye-blink conditioning response timing mediated by

Front 134

slight variations in the subsets of granule cells

Back 134

How is it possible to dalay the conditioned response?

Front 135

Medina et al (2000)

Back 135

confirmed predictions of pausing Purkinje cell model in rabbits

Front 136

lidocaine

Back 136

blocks voltage-gated Na channels

Front 137

vestibular nuclei to oculomotor nuclei

Back 137

Where is the cerebellar inhibitory side loop?

Front 138

Miles-Lisberger theory

Back 138

cerebellum does not store memories but instructs plasticity elsewhere

Front 139

Shutoh et al (2006)

Back 139

showed lidocaine in cerebellar cortex extinguished day long but not week long memory traces

Front 140

10 ms

Back 140

How long does the climbing fibre depolarise the Purkinje cell for?

Front 141

neuronal firing properties

Back 141

What is changed in intrinsic plasticity?

Front 142

Local Ca transients might producen a local change in voltage gated ion channels

Back 142

How might intrinsic plasticity come about?

Front 143

tetanisation

Back 143

directly injecting a sequence of currents

Front 144

PICK1 or

Back 144

CaMKII and PKC block LTP so KO ... instead

Front 145

estimated by EPSPs

Back 145

how did Schonewille et al (2011) know PF-Purkinje cell LTP is not compensating for LTD loss?

Front 146

Schonewille et al (2011)

Back 146

study with PICK1 KO among other things

Front 147

Schonewille et al (2010)

Back 147

study: PP2B required