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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Acquisition |
the initial stage of learning in which UCS and CS are paired - closer pairings are stronger -novel stimuli are stronger than commonplace ones |
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extinction |
the gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency - CS in presented without UCS |
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spontaneous recovery |
the reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of a non-exposure to the CS |
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renewal effect |
if a response is extinguished in a different environment than it was acquired, the extinguished response may reappear if the subject encounters the conditioned stimulus in the original environment where the acquisition took place |
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higher order conditioning |
the conditioning of a second CS by pairing it with the original CS, without the original UCS |
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learning |
change in an organism's behaviour or thought as a result of experience |
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habituation |
process of responding less strongly over time to repeated stimuli |
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stimulus generalization |
process by which conditioned stimuli similar, but not identical, to the original conditioned stimulus elicit a conditioned response |
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stimulus discrimination |
process by which organisms display a less pronounced conditioned response to conditioned stimulus that differ from the original conditioned stimulus |
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latent inhibition |
difficulty in establishing classical conditioning to a conditioned stimulus we've repeatedly experienced alone, that is, without the unconditioned stimulus |
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conditioned compensatory response |
a CR that is the opposite of the UCR and serves to compensate for the UCR |
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fetishism |
sexual attraction to nonliving things |
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operant conditioning |
learning controlled by the consequences of the organism's behaviour |
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classical conditioning |
form of learning which animals come to respond to a previously neutral stimulus that has been paired with another stimulus that elicits an automatic response |
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UCS |
stimulus that elicits an automatic response without prior conditioning |
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UCR |
automatic response to a nonneutral stimulus that does not need to be learned |
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CR |
response previously associated with a nonneutral stimulus that is elicited by a neutral stimulus through conditioning |
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CS |
initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a response due to association with an unconditioned stimulus |
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positive reinforcement |
presenting something to strengthen response |
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negative reinforcement |
removing something to strengthen the response |
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positive punishment |
presenting something to weaken the response |
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negative punishment |
removing something to weaken the response |
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law of effect |
principle asserting that if a stimulus followed by a behaviour results in a reward, the stimulus is more likely to give rise to the behaviour in the future - ex. Thorndike's puzzle box (cat and trap door) |
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insight |
grasping the underlying nature of a problem |
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Skinner Box |
small animal chamber constructed by Skinner to allow sustained periods of conditioning to be administered and behaviours to be recorded unsupervised |
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what are some cons to punishment? |
- teaches subject what not to do, not what to do - encourages sneaky behaviour - creates anxiety - model for aggressive behaviour |
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discriminative stimulus |
stimulus associated with the presence of reinforcement - ex. snapping at a dog to come for petting |
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schedule of reinforcement |
pattern of reinforcing a behaviour |
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continuous reinforcement |
reinforcing a behaviour every time it occurs, resulting in faster learning but faster extinction |
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partial reinforcement |
only occasional reinforcement of a behaviour, resulting in slower learning but slower extinction |
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fixed ratio |
reinforcement provided after a regular, set number of responses have been made - buy 3, get 1 free |
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variable ratio |
reinforcement provided after a variable number of responses, with the number randomly varying around some average - slot machines |
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fixed interval |
reinforcement provided after the first response following a regular, set amount of time -rat will know when to press for food |
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variable interval |
reinforcement provided after the first response following a random time interval, varying randomly around some average - radio stations "giving away prize between 1 and 4 pm" |
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shaping |
conditioning a target behaviour by progressively reinforcing behaviours that come closer and closer to the target |
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chaining |
linking a number of interrelated behaviours to form a longer series |
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secondary reinforcer |
neutral object that becomes associated with a primary reinforcer |
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primary reinforcer |
item or outcome that naturally increases the target behaviour |
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two-process theory |
we need both classical and operant conditioning to explain the persistence of anxiety disorders |
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radical behaviourism |
(Skinner) believed that observable behaviour, thinking, and emotion are all governed by he same laws of learning, namely classical and operant conditioning |
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S-O-R psychology |
brings "o" into the mix, with O being the organism that interprets the stimulus before producing a response |
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latent learning |
learning that's not directly observable |
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cognitive map |
mental representation of how a physical space is organized |
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observational learning |
learning by watching others |
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mirror neutrons |
cell in the prefrontal cortex that becomes activated by specific motions when an animal both performs and observes an action |
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conditioned taste aversion |
classical conditioning can lead us to develop avoidance reactions to the taste of food - only require one trial to develop - the delay in between stimulus and reaction can be 6-8 hours - remarkably specific |
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equipotentiality |
the claim that we can classically condition all CS's equally to all UCS's |
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preparedness |
evolutionary predisposition to learn pairings of feared stimuli over others owing to their survival value (fearing certain stimuli over others) |
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evolutionary memories |
emotional legacies of natural selection |
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illusory correlation |
perception of nonexistent association between 2 variables |
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latent inhibition |
CS's that have appeared (without the CS) many times are especially difficult to classically condition to a stimulus |
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instinctive drift |
tendency for animals to return to innate (instinctive) behaviours following repeated reinforcement |
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sleep paralysis |
state of being unable to move before falling asleep or right before waking up - caused by disruption of sleep schedule |
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consciousness |
our subjective experience of the world, our bodies, and our mental perspective |
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Circadium Rhythm |
changes that occur on a roughly 24-hour bases - hormone release, drowsiness, brain waves |
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biological clock |
term for the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus that's responsible for controlling our levels of alertness |
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without sleep we experience... |
depression trouble paying attention difficulties learning new info slowed reaction times immune system weakens |
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stage 1 |
confusion kind of asleep disconnected dreams jerks of muscles theta waves |
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stage 2 |
-slower waves -sudden intense bursts of electrical activity (sleep spindles) -occasional sharp rising/falling waves (k-complexes) -body temp, brain activity, heart rate drop -65% of sleep |
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stage 3/4 |
-deepest slow-wave -delta waves -we need this deep sleep -alcohol suppresses delta waves |
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stage 5 |
-REM sleep -hyped brain waves -vivid dreaming -heart rate, blood pressure rises -irregular breathing after 10-20 mins of REM sleep, cycle starts over there are 5-6 cycles/night |
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difference between REM and nonREM dreams |
REM: emotional, illogical, prone to sudden shifts in plot nonREM: thought-like, repetitive, deal with everyday topics |
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lucid dreaming |
becoming aware that you are dreaming |
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insomnia |
difficulty falling or staying asleep |
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narcolepsy |
disorder characterized by rapid and unexpected onset of sleep |
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sleep apnea |
blockage of the airway during sleep leads to fatigue |
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night terrors |
sudden waking episodes characterized by screaming, perspiring, confusion, followed by return to deep sleep |
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sleepwalking |
walking while fully asleep |
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Sigmund Frued's theory |
- dreams are the guardians of sleep - dream-work transforms impulses into symbols and wishes |
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activation-synthesis theory |
theory that dreams reflect inputs from brain activation originating in the pons, which the forebrain then attempts to weave into a story |
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neurocognitive theory |
theory that dreams are a meaningful product of our cognitive capacities, which shape what we dream about |
