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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is learning? |
gaining knowledge or skill through study, experience or being taught |
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What is learning used for? |
- surviving in the environment - planning for the future - acquiring social and cultural rules of society |
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What is classical conditioning? |
learning to associate two stimuli that are normally unrelated |
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Is classical conditioning a voluntary or an involuntary behaviour? |
involuntary |
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Who was the pioneer of classical conditioning? |
Ivan Pavlov: Russian psychologist who conducted the salivating dogs experiment |
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What is an unconditioned stimulus? |
stimulus that automatically triggers a response |
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What is an unconditioned response? |
an automatic response to the unconditioned stimulus |
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What is a conditioned stimulus? |
an originally neutral stimulus that becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus and therefore triggers a conditioned response |
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What is a conditioned response? |
a learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus |
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What is acquisition? |
initial stage of learning, during which a response is established and gradually strengthened |
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What is extinction? |
the elimination of a conditioned response |
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What is spontaneous recovery? |
reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response |
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What is stimulus generalisation? |
a stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus may evoke a similar response |
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What is stimulus discrimination? |
learning a conditioned response only to a specific conditioned stimulus |
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What is contiguity? |
the amount of time between the pairing of the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus |
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What is contingency? |
the predictability of the occurrence of one stimulus from the presence of another |
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What is systematic desensitisation? |
aims to reduce a conditioned response (anxiety) by establishing an unsuited response to the conditioned stimulus (phobia) |
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What are the steps of systematic desensitisation? |
- deep relaxation techniques: deep breathing and muscle relaxing - anxiety hierarchy: list the least threatening scenario to the most threatening scenario - pairing: pair deep relaxation with each step of the hierarchy |
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What is operant conditioning? |
behaviour is modified through reinforcement and punishment |
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Is operant conditioning a voluntary or an involuntary behaviour? |
voluntary rewarded behaviour is repeated punished behaviour is not repeated |
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Who was the pioneer of operant conditioning? |
Burrhus Skinner: American psychologist who conducted the Skinner boxes experiment |
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What are reinforcements? |
- increase strength and frequency of desired behaviour - an increase in the target behaviour must result |
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What is positive reinforcement? |
a pleasant stimulus is added after a behaviour |
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What is negative reinforcement? |
an unpleasant stimulus is removed after a behaviour |
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What are punishments? |
- reduce frequency and strength of desired behaviour - useful only for short term behaviour change |
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What is positive punishment? |
an unpleasant stimulus is added after an undesired behaviour |
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What is negative punishment? |
a pleasant stimulus is removed after an undesired behaviour |
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What is a fixed interval schedule? |
- a specific time period passes between reinforcements - this has the lowest response rate |
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What is a variable interval schedule? |
- a varying amount of time passes between reinforcements - this has a moderate response rate |
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What is a fixed ratio schedule? |
- a fixed number of behaviours passes between reinforcements - this has a high reponse rate |
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What is a variable ratio schedule? |
- a varying number of behaviours passes between reinforcements - this has the highest response rate |
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What is observational learning? |
learning through observing others perform a desired behaviour |
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Who was the pioneer of observational learning? |
Albert Bandura: Canadian psychologist who conducted the Bobo doll experiment |
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What are the four steps of observational learning? |
attention retention reproduction motivation |
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What is the attention step of observational learning? |
the observer must watch and pay attention to the model's behaviour |
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What is the retention step of observational learning? |
the observer must code the observed behaviour into their long-term memory |
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What is the reproduction step of observational learning? |
the observer must be able to physically reproduce the model's behaviour |
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What is the motivation step of observational learning? |
the observer expects positive reinforcement for modelled behaviour |
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What factors influence observational learning? |
- gender of model - social status of model - relationship between model and observer - consequences after model's behaviour |
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What is learned helplessness? |
a condition in which a person suffers from a sense of powerlessness, arising from a traumatic event or persistent failure to succeed |
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What is a cognitive deficit? |
the belief that an outcome is inevitable |
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What is a motivational deficit? |
reduced motivation |
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What is an emotional deficit? |
painful outcomes lead to fear and depression |
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What is cognitive behaviour therapy? |
treats anxiety and depression by teaching coping strategies for thought distortions client understands, manages and changes thoughts and actions improves awareness, introspection and evaluation |
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What is aversion therapy? |
shocks or makes client averse to undesirable behaviour |
