Learning

Front 1

What is the Law of Contiguity?

Back 1

behavior changes because of stimulus-stimulus contiguity

Front 2

Unconditioned Stimulus

Back 2

a stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning

Front 3

Unconditioned Response

Back 3

an unlearned reaction that occurs without conditioning

Front 4

Conditioned Stimulus

Back 4

previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning, acquired teh capacity to evoke a conditioned response

Front 5

Conditioned Response

Back 5

learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning

Front 6

Acquisition

Back 6

the initial state of learning something

Front 7

Extinction

Back 7

gradual weakening and disapperance of a conditioned response tendency

Front 8

What leads to extinction?

Back 8

the consistent presentation of the conditioned stimulus alone without the unconditioned stimulus

Front 9

Spontaneous Recovery

Back 9

the reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of nonexposure to the conitioned stimulus

Front 10

Stimulus Generalization

Back 10

occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds in the same way to a new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus

Front 11

Stimulus Discrmination

Back 11

occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus does not respond in the same way to a new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus

Front 12

Law Of Effect

Back 12

a response in the presence of a stimulus leads to satisfying effects, the association between the stimulus and response is strengthened

Front 13

What are the differences in response between classical conditioning and operant?

Back 13

classical -- involuntary
operant-- voluntary

Front 14

Discriminitive Stimulus

Back 14

cues that influence operant behavior by indicating the probable consequences of a response

Front 15

Reinforcement

Back 15

occurs when an event following a response increases an organisms tendency to make the response

Front 16

Punishment

Back 16

occurs when an event following a response weakens the tendency to make that response

Front 17

Positive Reinforcement

Back 17

a response is strengthened because it follows the presentation of a rewarding response

Front 18

Negative Reinforcement

Back 18

a response is strengthened because it is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus

Front 19

What is the dependent variable in most research?

Back 19

the subjects response rate over time

Front 20

Escape Learning

Back 20

an organism acquires a response that decreases or ends some aversive stimulation

Front 21

Avoidance Learning

Back 21

an organism acquires a response that prevents some aversive stimulation from occuring

Front 22

Primary Reinforcer

Back 22

events that satisfy biological needs

-food
-water
-warmth
-sex
-affection

Front 23

Secondary Reinforcer

Back 23

events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers

-money
-good grades
-attention
-flattery
-praise
-applause

Front 24

What is acquistion in operant conditioning?

Back 24

the initial stage of learning some new pattern of response

Front 25

What is extinction in operant conditioning?

Back 25

the gradual weakening of a response tendency because the response is no longer followed by a reinforcer

Front 26

Shaping

Back 26

the reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response

Front 27

Continuous Reinforcement

Back 27

every instance of a designated response is reinforced

Front 28

Intermittent/Partial Reinforcement

Back 28

a designated response is reinforced only some of the time

Front 29

Fixed-Ratio

Back 29

reinforcer is given after a fixed number of nonreinforced responses

-salesperson is rewarded after every 4th book sold

Front 30

Variable-Ratio

Back 30

reinforcer is given after a variable number of non-reinforced responses

-a slot machine pays out every 6 tries

Front 31

Fixed-Interval

Back 31

reinforcer is given for the first respone that occurs after a fixed time interval has elapsed

-a man checks his wash periodicially

Front 32

Variable-Interval

Back 32

reinforcer is given for the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed

-a person repeadtly dials a busy phone number (getting through is reinforcer)

Front 33

Observational Learning

Back 33

an organisms responding is influenced by the observation of others