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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Observational Learning |
A type of learning that occurs when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models |
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Operant Conditioning |
A form of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences |
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Operant chamber |
see skinner box |
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Partial Reinforcement |
see intermittent reinforcement |
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Pavlovian conditioning |
see classical conditioning |
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phobia |
irrational fears of specific objects or situations |
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positive reinforcement |
Reinforcement that occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentations of a rewarding stimulus |
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Preparedness |
Species-specific predispositions to be conditioned in certain ways and not othrs |
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Primary reinforcers |
Events that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs |
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Punishments |
An event that follows a response that weakens or suppresses the tendency to make that response |
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Reinforcement |
An event following a response that strengthens the tendency to make that respnse |
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Reinforcement contingencies |
the circumstances or rules that determine whether responses lead to the presentation of reinforcers |
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Renewal effect |
Phenomenon that occurs if a response is extinguished in a different environment than it was acquired; the extinguished response will reappear if the animal is returned to the orginial environment where acquisition took place |
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Resistance to extinction |
To in operant conditionining, the phenomenon that occurs when an organism continues to make a response after delivery of the reinforcer for it has been terminated |
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Schedule of reinforcement |
a specific presentation of reinforcers over time |
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secondary reinforcers |
stimulus events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers |
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Shaping |
The reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of desired response |
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skinner box |
a smaller enclosure in which an animal can make a specific response that is systematically recorded while the consequences of the response are controlled |
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spontaneous recovery |
in classical conditioning, the reapperance of an extinguished response after a period of nonexposure to the conditioned stimulus |
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stimulus discrimination |
the phenomenon that occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus doesn't respond in the same way to stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus |
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Stimulus generalization |
The phenomenon that occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the orginal stimulus |
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Trial |
In classical conditioning, an presentation of stimulus or pair of stimuli |
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unconditioned stimulus |
(US) a stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning |
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Unconditioned response |
(UR) an unlearned reaction to an uncondItioned stimulus that occurs without previous condtioning |
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vARIABLE-INTERVAL SCHEDULE |
(VI) a reinforcement schedule in which the reinforcer is given after a variable time interval has elapsed |
