Learning

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learning

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experience that results in a relatively permanent change in the state of the learner

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classical conditioning

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when a neutral stimulus produces a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally produces a response, Ivan Pavlov

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unconditional stimulus

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a stimulus that automatically and naturally trigger a response

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unconditioned response

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an unlearned naturally occuring reaction/response to an unconditional stimulus

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conditioned stimulus

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a previously neutral stimulus that has through conditioning acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response

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conditioned response

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a learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occur because of prior conditioning

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acquisition

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the phase of classical conditioning when the CS (previously neutral) and the US (the natural trigger) are presented together

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second-order conditioning

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conditioning where the US is a stimulus that acquired its ability to produce learning from an earlier procedure in which it was used as a CS

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extinction

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the gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when the US is no longer presented

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spontaneous recovery

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the tendency of a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a rest period

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generalization

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a process by which the CR is observed even though the CS is slightly different from the original one used during acquisition

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discrimination

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the capacity to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli

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law of effect

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the principle that behaviors that are followed by a satisfying state of affairs tend to be repeated and those that produce an unpleasant state of affairs are less likely to be repeated

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reinforcer

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any stimulus or event that functions to increase the likelihood of the behavior that led to it, more effective than punishment in promoting learning

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punisher

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any stimulus or event that function to decrease the likelihood of the behavior that led to it

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positive reinforcement

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give an organism a pleasant stimulus when the operant response is made

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negative reinforcement

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take away an unpleasant stimulus when the operant response is made

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primary reinfrocer

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satisfy biological needs

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overjustification effect

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circumstances when external rewards can undermine the intrinsic satisfaction of performing a behavior

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fixed interval schedule

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reinforcement are present are presented on an average time period

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variable interval schedule

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behavior is reinforced based on an average time that has expired since the last reinforcement

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variable ratio schedule

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the delivery of reinforcement is based on a particular average number of responses

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intermitttent reinforcement

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when only some of the responses made are followed by reinforcement