Learning

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Learning

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Is the process that allows us to adapt (be flexible) to the changing conditions of the world around us.

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Classical Conditioning

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Is the process of learning by which a previously neutral stimulus comes to elicit an identical or similar response to one originally elicited by the unconditioned stimulus as the result of the paring of the two stimuli.

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Classical Conditioning

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Discovered by Ivan Pavlov, Classical Conditioning is learning by association.

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Unconditioned Response

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(UCR) An involuntary (reflex) response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus.

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Unconditioned Stimulus

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(UCS) A naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary (reflex) response.

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Neural Stimulus

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(NS) Stimulus that has no effect on the desired response.

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Conditioned Response

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(CR) Learned reflex response to a conditioned stimulus.

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Conditioned Stimulus

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(CS) Stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflex response by being paired with the original unconditioned stimulus.

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Extinction

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The disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus (in classical conditioning) or the removal of a reinforcer (in operant-conditioning).

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Spontaneous Recovery

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The reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred.

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Stimulus Generalization

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The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response.

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Reinforcer

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Any event or object that, when following a response, increases the likelihood of that response occurring again.

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Higher-order conditioning

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Occurs when a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus, causing the neutral stimulus to become a second conditioned stimulus.

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Vicarious conditioning

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Classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person.

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Biological preparedness

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Referring to the tendency of animals to learn certain associations, such as taste and nausea, with only one or a few pairings due to the survival value of the learning.

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Cognitive perspective

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Modern theory in which classical conditioning is seen to occur because the conditioned stimulus provides information or an expectancy about the coming of the unconditioned stimulus.

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Explain the difference between classical and operant conditioning

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In Classical Conditioning, we examined learning that results from the association between stimuli before a response occurs. In Operant Conditioning, learning is from the association of a response with its consequences, such as rewards and punishments. Classical Conditioning is the kind of learning that occurs with reflexive, involuntary behavior. The kind of learning that applies to voluntary behavior is called operant conditioning, which is both different from and similar to classical conditioning.

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Reinforcement

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The strengthening of a response by following it with a pleasurable consequence or the removal of an unpleasant stimulus.

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Positive Reinforcement

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The reinforcement of a response by the addition or experiencing of a pleasurable stimulus.

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Negative Reinforcement

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The reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus.

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Punishment by Application

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The punishment of a response by the addition or experiencing of an unpleasant stimulus.

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Punishment by Removal

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The punishment of a response by the removal of a pleasurable stimulus.

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Punishment

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Any event or object that, when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again.

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Know the 3 things that the author mentions to make punishment more effective

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1-Pushiment should immediately follow the behavior it is meant to punish. 2-Punishment should be consistent. 3-Punishment of the wrong behavior should be paired, whenever possible, with reinforcement of the right behavior.

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Explain “Variable ratio schedule of reinforcement”

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Schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is different for each trial or event.

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Behavior Modification

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The use of the operant conditioning techniques to bring about desired changes in behavior.

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Latent Learning

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Learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful.

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Learned Helplessness

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The tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past.

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Know the four elements of Observational Learning

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1-ATTENTION-to learn anything through observation, the learner must first pay attention to the model. 2-MEMORY-The learner must also be able to retain the memory of what was done, such as remembering the steps in preparing a dish that was seen on a cooking show. 3-IMITATION-The learner must be capable of reproducing, or imitating, the actions of the model. 4-MOTIVATION-The learner must have desire or motivation to perform the action.