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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Study of learning |
Primarily a lab science |
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Difference between principles and theories |
P tells us what and t tells us why |
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What does the cns consist of |
Brain and spinal cord
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What does the pns consist of |
Nerves and ganglia on outside of brain and spinal cord |
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What is a neuron |
Nerve cell |
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Soma |
Cell body |
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Axons |
Send messages |
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Myelin sheath |
Fatty substance |
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Dendrites |
Recieve messages |
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Glial cells |
White matter that supports the neurons |
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Types of neurons |
Sensory, interneuron, motor |
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Motor neurons |
Send messages about how to behave and respond to appropriate parts of body |
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Synapse |
When the neurons dont touch and there is a gap |
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Neurotransmitters |
Chemicals that allow neurons to communicate |
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Brainstem(hindbrain) |
End of spinal cord, keeps us alive |
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Midbrain |
Sensory areas- seeing and hearing |
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Forebrain |
Complex mental activities |
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Cerebral cortex divided into 4 lobes |
Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal |
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Limbic system (part of forebrain) |
Memory emotion motivation |
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Hippocampus |
Learning and remembering |
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Amygdala |
Emotion |
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Thalamus |
Sends info from sensory neurons to parts of cortex |
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Core knowlede perspective |
Humans are hard wired to understand the physical world |
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Founder or behaviorism |
Watson |
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Determinsim |
If u knwo organisms past and present u can determin future behavior |
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Pavlov |
Dogs Unconditioned stimulus- food Unconditioned response- salivation Neutral stimulus- bell |
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Acquisition |
The inital learning stage in classical conditioning |
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Associative bias |
Certain neutral stimuli are more likely to become associated with certain ucs |
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Contingency |
The cs must serve as a signal that the ucs is coming |
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Extinction |
When th ucs (food) does not follow the cs (tone) the cr (salivation ) beings to decrease and everything causes extinction |
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Spontaneous recovery |
After a rest period and extingished cr (salivation) spontaneously recivers but if the cs (tone) persist alone if the cs stops again |
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Stimulus generalization |
Occurs when a stimulus other that the conditioned response ekoves the same response |
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Stimulus discrimination |
Learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that do not signal and us |
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Higher order conditioning |
Procedure or process whereby a previously neutral stimulis is presented in a predictive relationship with a previously established cs-gma wears perfume u smell perfume and think of gma |
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Counter conditioning |
Turning an unwanted behavior into a wanted behavior |
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5 implications of advertising |
Conditioned response harder to change One repetition is not enough Crafted carefully Celebs chosen with care Principles can be used in diff ads |
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Instrumental(operant) conditioning |
Behave in ways that bring us desirable conseq. Or enable us to avoids unpleasant ones |
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Law of effect |
Thorndike Rewards causes responses to increase punshiment causes response to decrease |
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Reinforcer |
Increases reaponse Doesnt have to be pleasent |
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Primary reinforcement |
Satisfy a built in natural need - food water oxygen.. |
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Secondary reinforcement |
Reinforcing because they are associated with primary Money, praise |
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Extrinsic reinforcement |
Provided by an outside environment |
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Intrinsic reinforcement |
Comes from inside learner Feelings of success achievement |
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Over justification effect |
May decrease enjoyment if increasingly rewarding |
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Negative reinforcement |
Increases a response by removal of stimulus Removal of anxiety/guilt |
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Active avoidance |
Studying to avoid a bad grade |
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Passive avoidance |
Not signing up for a hard class |
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Positive Punishment |
Presenting a stimulus Scolding, spanking, bad grade |
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Negative punishment |
Removing a stimulus Time out, taking away money |
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Fixed ratio |
Reinforcing a response only after a specified # of responses Commission |
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Variable ratio |
Reinforcing after an unpredictable # of responses |
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Fixed interval |
Reinforcing a response after a specified time Biweekley pay |
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Variable interval |
Reinforcing at inpredictable time intervals Random drug testing |
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Discriminative stimulus |
One that increases the probability that a response will be followed by reinforcement |
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Stimulus discrimination |
Response that is reinforced in prsence of one stomukus but not in the presence of another |
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Elation effect |
Amount of reinforcement is increased |
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Depression effect |
Amount of reinforcement is decreased |
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Applied behavior analysis |
Problems result from past and present response- analysis of behavior |
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Group contingency |
An entire group must perform a desired behavior in order for reinforcement to occur |
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Token economy |
Behaviors are reinforced woth tokens |
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Linear programing |
All learners progress through the same set of frames in same order |
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Branching programing |
Computer adapts to individual for further practice |
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Mastery learning |
Students must learn lesson to high level of proficiency before moving on |
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3 things to know about operant conditioning |
Operant responses can occure under stimulus control Operant conditioning involves choice Reinforcers not made equal |
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Who started programed instruction |
Skinner- teaching machines |
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Abs of applied behavior analysis |
Antecedent behavior consequence |
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Premack principle |
The more opportunities for positive behaviors equals less for unwanted behavior |
