Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
the physical traits of an organism controlled by the interaction of the gene with the environment.
|
Phenotype
|
|
|
a state of physiological collapse, marked by a weak pulse, coldness, sweating, and irregular breathing, and resulting from a situation such as blood loss, heart failure, allergic reaction, or emotional trauma
|
Shock
|
|
|
before birth human B and T cells are generated. Although each cell can only recognize a specific antigen, the sum of the population can recognize most any antigen in the human’s environment.
|
Generation of Clonal Diversity
|
|
|
a wound caused by superficial damage to the skin, no deeper than the epidermis. It is less severe than a laceration, and bleeding, if present, is minimal. Mild abrasions, also known as grazes or scrapes, do not scar or bleed, but deep abrasions may lead to the formation of scar tissue. A more traumatic abrasion that removes all layers of skin is called an avulsion. Abrasion injuries most commonly occur when exposed skin comes into moving contact with a rough surface, causing a grinding or rubbing away of the upper layers of the epidermis.
|
Abrasions
|
|
|
A form of acquired immunity in which antibody or immune lymphoid cells are formed in response to an antigen.
|
Active acquired immunity (active immunity)
|
|
|
A variant of the DNA sequence at a given locus.
|
Alleles
|
|
|
Hypersensitivity and immunologic protective reaction caused by exposure to an antigen.
|
Allergy
|
|
|
an immune reaction that causes individuals of the same species to have incompatible antigens. This would prevent transplantation of tissues between individuals.
|
Alloimmunity
|
|
|
a potentially life-threatening immediate hypersensitivity response caused by exposure of a sensitized individual to a specific antigen.
|
Anaphylaxis
|
|
|
the portion of the antibody or lymphocyte that matches the epitope of a molecule.
|
Antigen binding site (paratope)
|
|
|
the precise area of a molecule that is recognized by an antibody or to specific receptors on a lymphocyte.
|
Antigenic determinant (epitope)
|
|
|
cells that “present” antigens to immune system. Usually macrophages or similar cells.
|
APCs (antigen processing cells)
|
|
|
the process of programmed cell death (PCD) that may occur in multicellular organisms. Programmed cell death involves a series of biochemical events leading to a characteristic cell morphology and death; in more specific terms, a series of biochemical events that lead to a variety of morphological changes, including blebbing, changes to the cell membrane such as loss of membrane asymmetry and attachment, cell shrinkage, nuclear fragmentation, chromatin condensation, and chromosomal DNA fragmentation (1-4). (See also Apoptosis DNA fragmentation.) Processes of disposal of cellular debris whose results do not damage the organism differentiate apoptosis from necrosis.
|
Apoptosis
|
|
|
A condition caused by an allergic reaction in which the area of skin around the site of antigen contact experiences intense itching. The skin becomes inflamed causing redness, swelling, cracking crusting and scaling.
|
Atopic
|
|
|
a condition in which the immune system considers an individual’s own body tissues to be foreign antigens and initiates an immune response against the tissues.
|
Autoimmunity
|
|
|
A membrane-bound cellular organelle that engulfs pieces of the substance of the cell itself. Also known as autolysosome.
|
Autophagic vacuoles
|
|
|
cell of the adaptive immune response that originates in the bone marrow and differentiates into plasma cells and memory cells in the presence of an antigen.
|
B lymphoctyes
|
|
|
a type of physical trauma caused to a body part, either by impact, injury or physical attack; the latter usually being referred to as blunt force trauma. The term itself is used to refer to the precursory trauma, from which there is further development of more specific types of trauma, such as concussions, abrasions, lacerations, and/or bone fracturing. Blunt trauma is contrasted with penetrating trauma, in which an object such as a bullet enters the body.
|
Blunt force trauma
|
|
|
a person who carries an allele without exhibiting its effects. Such an allele is usually recessive, but it may also be dominant and latent, with symptoms that do not appear until adulthood.
|
Carrier
|
|
|
a specific form of coagulation necrosis typically caused by mycobacteria (e.g. tuberculosis), fungi, and some foreign substances. It can be considered a combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis.
|
Caseous necrosis
|
|
|
Mass of genetic material composed of DNA and proteins that condense to form chromosomes during eukaryotic cell division. Chromatin is located in the nucleus of a cell.
|
Chromatin
|
|
|
second phase of immune response where antigens are processed and are presented to the immune cells.
|
Clonal selection
|
|
|
is typically seen in hypoxic (low oxygen) environments, such as an infarction. Cell outlines remain after cell death and can be observed by light microscopy.
|
Coagulation necrosis
|
|
|
A condition in which both alleles of a gene pair in a heterozygote are fully expressed, with neither one being dominant or recessive to the other
|
Codominance
|
|
|
A bruise. A type of relatively minor hematoma of tissue in which capillaries and sometimes venules are damaged by trauma, allowing blood to seep into the surrounding extracellular space. Bruises can involve capillaries at the level of skin, subcutaneous tissue, muscle, or bone. Bruises may be referred to by size as ecchymosis (1-3 cm), purpura (3-10 mm), or petechia (<3 mm), although these terms can also refer to internal bleeding not caused by trauma.
|
Contusion
|
|
|
a coup injury occurs under the site of impact with an object, and a contrecoup injury occurs on the side opposite the area that was impacted. Coup and contrecoup injury is associated with cerebral contusion, a type of traumatic brain injury in which the brain is bruised. Coup and contrecoup injuries can occur individually or together. When a moving object impacts the stationary head, coup injuries are typical, while contrecoup injuries are produced when the moving head strikes a stationary object.
|
Coup, countercoup
|
|
|
to make somebody less sensitive to a known allergen by injecting increasing amounts of the allergen over time, building up resistance
|
Desensitization
|
|
|
deoxyribonucleic acid, desoxyribonucleic acid, DNA ((biochemistry) a long linear polymer found in the nucleus of a cell and formed from nucleotides and shaped like a double helix; associated with the transmission of genetic information) "DNA is the king of molecules"
|
DNA
|
|
|
the trait which has a detectable phenotype in a heterozygous gene pair; a dominant allele is symbolized using a capital letter (e.g. B).
|
Dominant
|
|
|
Dry gangrene begins at the distal part of the limb due to ischemia and often occurs in the toes and feet of elderly patients due to arteriosclerosis. Dry gangrene spreads slowly until it reaches the point where the blood supply is inadequate to keep tissue viable. Macroscopically, the affected part is dry, shrunken and dark black, resembling mummified flesh. The dark coloration is due to liberation of hemoglobin from hemolyzed red blood cells which is acted upon by hydrogen sulfide (H2S) produced by the bacteria, resulting in formation of black iron sulfide that remains in the tissues. The line of separation usually brings about complete separation with eventual falling off of the gangrenous tissue if it is not removed surgically. If the blood flow is interrupted for a reason other than severe bacterial infection, the result is a case of dry gangrene. People with impaired peripheral blood flow, such as diabetics, are at greater risk of contracting dry gangrene. The early signs of dry gangrene are a dull ache and sensation of coldness in the affected area along with pallor of the flesh. If caught early, the process can sometimes be reversed by vascular surgery. However, if necrosis sets in, the affected tissue must be removed just as with wet gangrene.
|
Dry gangrene
|
|
|
a toxin produced within some bacteria that is released only when the bacteria disintegrate
|
Endotoxic
|
|
|
a type of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in which a buildup of blood occurs between the dura mater (the tough outer membrane of the central nervous system) and the skull. The dura mater also covers the spine, so epidural bleeds may also occur in the spinal column. Often due to trauma, the condition is potentially deadly because the buildup of blood may increase pressure in the intracranial space and compress delicate brain tissue. The condition is present in one to three percent of head injuries.[1] Between 15 and 20% of patients with epidural hematomas die of the injury.
|
Epidural hematoma
|
|
|
results from the action of lipases on fatty tissues (e.g. acute pancreatitis, breast tissue necrosis).
|
Fat necrosis
|
|
|
Insertion of normal DNA directly into cells to correct a genetic defect. The treatment of disease by replacing, altering, or supplementing a gene that is absent or abnormal and whose absence or abnormality is responsible for a disease.
|
Gene therapy
|
|
|
the genetic constitution of an organism or of a single pair of alleles (e.g. Bb) of that organism.
|
Genotype
|
|
|
a collection of blood outside the blood vessels,[1] generally the result of hemorrhage, or more specifically, internal bleeding.
|
Hematoma
|
|
|
a state in which the body undergoes an exaggerated immune response to an antigen.
|
Hypersensitivity
|
|
|
caused by a clean, sharp-edged object such as a knife, a razor or a glass splinter.
|
Incised wound
|
|
|
irregular tear-like wounds caused by some blunt trauma. The term laceration is commonly misused in reference to incisions.
|
Laceration
|
|
|
is usually associated with cellular destruction and pus formation (e.g. pneumonia). This is typical of bacterial or, sometimes, fungal infections because of their ability to stimulate an inflammatory reaction. Curiously, ischemia (restriction of blood supply) in the brain produces liquefactive, rather than coagulative, necrosis, due to the lack of any substantial supportive stroma.
|
Liquefactive necrosis
|
|
|
In the fields of genetics and evolutionary computation, a locus (plural loci) is the specific location of a gene or DNA sequence on a chromosome.
|
Locus
|
|
|
a T or B lymphocyte that “remembers” a specific antigen after the initial exposure and initiates a more efficient immunologic response in subsequent exposures to the same antigen.
|
Memory cells
|
|
|
characteristics which follow the simple patterns of inheritance proposed by Gregor Mendel; a trait produced by a single gene.
|
Mendelian traits
|
|
|
the premature death of cells and living tissue. Necrosis is caused by external factors, such as infection, toxins or trauma. This is in contrast to apoptosis, which is a naturally occurring cause of cellular death. While apoptosis often provides beneficial effects to the organism, necrosis is almost always detrimental, and can be fatal.
|
Necrosis
|
|
|
a form of acquired immunity in which the antibody or lymphocyte is provided by a donor.
|
Passive acquired immunity
|
|
|
a B lymphocyte that secretes antibodies in response to local cytokines released during the primary immune response.
|
Plasma cells
|
|
|
Discontinuous genetic variation that results in the occurrence of several different forms or types of individuals among the members of a single species. The most obvious example of polymorphism is the separation of most higher organisms into male and female sexes. Another example is the different blood types in humans.
|
Polymorphic
|
|
|
large protein complexes inside all eukaryotes and Achaea, as well as in some bacteria. In eukaryotes, they are located in the nucleus and the cytoplasm. The main function of the proteosome is to degrade unneeded or damaged proteins by proteolysis, a chemical reaction that breaks peptide bonds. Enzymes that carry out such reactions are called proteases. Proteasomes are part of a major mechanism by which cells regulate the concentration of particular proteins and degrade misfolded proteins. The degradation process yields peptides of about seven to eight amino acids long, which can then be further degraded into amino acids and used in synthesizing new proteins. Proteins are tagged for degradation with a small protein called ubiquitin. The tagging reaction is catalyzed by enzymes called ubiquitin ligases. Once a protein is tagged with a single ubiquitin molecule, this is a signal to other ligases to attach additional ubiquitin molecules. The result is a polyubiquitin chain that is bound by the proteasome, allowing it to degrade the tagged protein.
|
Proteosomes
|
|
|
gene that produces its characteristic phenotype only when its allele is identical) "the recessive gene for blue eyes"
|
Recessive
|
|
|
a familiar or acquired disorder characterized by a lack of serum and secretory immunoglobin A (IgA) the patient may appear normal or asymptomatic and is diagnosed by demonstration of less than 5 mg/dL of IgA in serum.
|
Selective IgA deficiency
|
|
|
a disease caused by toxic microorganisms in the bloodstream
|
Septicemia
|
|
|
A puncture wound that is generated from the applied force of a sharp object, to make a deep, conical wound.
|
Stab wound
|
|
|
a type of hematoma, a form of traumatic brain injury in which blood gathers within the inner meningeal layer of the dura mater (the outer protective covering of the brain). Usually resulting from tears in veins that cross the subdural space, subdural hemorrhages may cause an increase in intracranial pressure (ICP), which can cause compression of and damage to delicate brain tissue. Acute subdural hematoma (ASDH) has a high mortality rate and is a severe medical emergency.
|
Subdural hematoma
|
|
|
a small circulating lymphocyte produced in the bone marrow that matures in the thymus. T-cells primarily mediate cellular immune response such as graft rejection and delayed hypersensitivity. One kind of T-cell , the helper cell affects the production of antibodies by B-cells; a suppressor T-cell suppresses B-cell activity.
|
T cell deficiencies
|
|
|
A cell of the adaptive immune response that originates in the bone marrow matures in the thymus and provides cell mediated immunity.
|
T lymphocytes
|
|
|
medicine the loss of or reduction in the usual response to a drug or other agent as a result of use or exposure over a prolonged period
|
Tolerance
|
|
|
Responsible for the degradation of many cytosolic and nuclear proteins. Proteins to be degraded by this process are first conjugated to ubiquitin and then degraded within a large cytoplasmic proteolytic organelle called the proteasome. This pathway is thought to be responsible for the accelerated proteolysis seen in a variety of catabolic conditions, including cancer cachexia.
|
Ubiquitin proteosome pathway
|
|
|
(hives) an allergic reaction in which capillaries become dilated and permeability increases, causing localized edema.
|
Uticaria
|
|
|
Occurs in naturally moist tissue and organs such as the mouth, bowel, lungs, cervix, and vulva. Bedsores occurring on body parts such as the sacrum, buttocks and heels—although not necessarily moist areas—are also categorized as it infections. In it, the tissue is infected by saprogenic microorganisms (Bac.perfringes, fusiformis, putrificans, etc.), which cause tissue to swell and emit a fetid smell. it usually develops rapidly due to blockage of venous and/or arterial blood flow. The affected part is saturated with stagnant blood which promotes the rapid growth of bacteria. The toxic products formed by bacteria are absorbed causing systemic manifestation of septicemia and finally death. Macroscopically, the affected part is edematous, soft, putrid, rotten and dark. The darkness in it occurs due to the same mechanism as in it.
|
Wet gangrene
|
|
|
A condition caused by an allergic reaction in which the area of skin around the site of antigen contact becomes flattened and red with fluid filled blisters.
|
Wheal and flare reaction
|
