Lc Exam 1

Front 1

endometrium

Back 1

inner lining of the uterus that changes with the menstrual cycle

Front 2

describe the histological changes in the endometrium proliferative phase?

Back 2

develops basilar glands and increases in thickness

Front 3

describe the histological changes in the endometrium secretory phase?

Back 3

the mature graafian follicle discharges a single ovum. subnuclear vacuoles that then become supranuclear. no more mitosis seen. stromal edema becomes more apparent. bye the end the glangs are tortuous and there is stromal infiltration

Front 4

describe the histological changes in the endometrium menstrual phase?

Back 4

rapid drop in e and p. endometrium becomes hemorrhagic and congested. extensive leukocyte infiltration

Front 5

describe the histological changes in the endometrium decidual phase

Back 5

stromal cells of the endometrium become larger. endometrial glands are dilated and hypersecretory. due to p levels maintained by the corpus luteum during the first trimester

Front 6

describe Arias Stella changes

Back 6

hypersecretory and dilated endometrial glands. may be accompanied by nuclear changes in the epithelial cells and crowding of the glands.

Front 7

when do you see Arias Stella changes

Back 7

intrauterine pregnancy and ectopic pregnancy. may persist 8 weeks after delivery

Front 8

describe the histological changes in the endometrium in menopause?

Back 8

decrease or cessation of estrogen production by the ovary. thinning of the endometrium. mitoses not seen. cystic dilation of glands may occur.

Front 9

dysfunctional uterine bleeding

Back 9

abnormal bleeding in the absence of an organic lesion of the endometrium

Front 10

DUB in adolescence

Back 10

anovulatory cycles and complications of pregnancy

Front 11

DUB in reproductive years

Back 11

complications of pregnancy, endometritis, organic lesions

Front 12

DUB in perimenopausal women

Back 12

anovulatory cyles and organic lesions (hyperplasia, endometrial polyps, carcinoma)

Front 13

DUB in postmenopausal women

Back 13

atrophy and organic lesion (carcinoma, endometrial hyperplasia, polyps)

Front 14

what are anovulatory cycles?

Back 14

most common cause of DUB in adolescent and perimenopausal women. leads to excessive and prolonged estrogenic stimulation without progestational phase. after estrogen falls vascular collapse leads to stasis, thrombosis, infarction and hemorrhage

Front 15

what abnormal cells are present in endometritis

Back 15

plasma cells in endometrial stroma. may manifest as infertility

Front 16

endometrial hyperplasia

Back 16

non-physiologic non-invasive proliferation of the endometrial epithelium along with stroma. cancer risk correlates with the degree of cytologic atypia accompanying the hyperplasia

Front 17

endometrial hyperplasia cancer risk

Back 17

2% of untreated hyperplasia without cellular atypia progresses to carcinoma. 30% of atypical

Front 18

simple hyperplasia without atypia

Back 18

presence of glands of various sizes and dilation. epithelial lining may be cuboidal or tall columnar. rarely progresses to adenocarcinoma

Front 19

complex hyperplasia, without atypia

Back 19

increase in the number and size of endometrial glands. glands are crowded. lining cells appear hyperplastic with stratification. less than 5% to adenocarcinoma

Front 20

atypical hyperplasia

Back 20

distinguishing feature is cellular atypia with cytomegaly, loss of polarity, prominence of nucleoli and altered nuclear ratio

Front 21

type I endometrial cancer

Back 21

estrogen related neoplasm in slightly younger, peri or premenopausal women, obese women. minimal myometrial invasion. endometriod histo

Front 22

type II endometrial cancer

Back 22

more agressive unrelated to estrogenic stimulation, occurs in older postmenopausal women. no hyperplasia. histo shows clear cell or serous type. mets rapidly.

Front 23

Leiomyoma

Back 23

benign, smooth muscle tumor which occur in childbearing years. responsive to estrogen. associated with increased menstrual bleeding. histo: smooth muscle cells with spindled nuclei

Front 24

3 locations of leiomyoma

Back 24

submucosal, intramural and subserosa

Front 25

Leiomyosarcoma

Back 25

most common type of uterine sarcoma. before and after menopause. they can be bulky, fleshy masses that invades the uterine wall or a polypoid mass that projects into the endometrial cavity. it has increased number of mitosis, marked cytologic atypia and tumor necrosis.

Front 26

prognosis of leiomyosarcoma

Back 26

5 year survival 40% with well differentiated lesions. 10% with poorly differentiated lesions.

Front 27

gestational trophoblastic disease

Back 27

originates in women who have had a pregnancy. includes hydatidiform mole (complete or partial), invasive mole, choriocarcinoma, placental site trophoblastic tumor

Front 28

Hydatidiform mole

Back 28

cystic hydropic swelling of the chorionic villi. precursor of choriocarcinoma reproductive age group. second trimester vaginal bleeding with a large uterus. hCG very high with no fetalheart sounds

Front 29

complete mole

Back 29

no fetal parts identified, empty egg fertilized by two sperm. no maternal DNA. all hydropic swelling villi

Front 30

partial mole

Back 30

two populations of villi edematous and normal. fetal parts may be present. triploid 1 maternal 2 paternal

Front 31

choriocarcinoma

Back 31

malignancy of trophoblastic cells from previous normal or abnormal pregnancy. large fleshy tumor with no villi. aggressive but may respond to chemo (methotrexate). brain mets

Front 32

ectopic pregnancy

Back 32

implantation of fertilized egg in other than the uterine wall. typically in the fallopian tube. biggest risk factor is PID with chronic salpingitis.

Front 33

hematosalpinx

Back 33

intratubal hemorrhage without rupture due to poor attchment of the placenta in the fallopian tube in ectopic pregnancy

Front 34

ectopic pregnancy emergency

Back 34

severe abdominal pain patient may develop shock treat with salpingectomy and salpingostomy.