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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cholera
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severe disease categorized by having diarrhea
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Epidemic
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an outbreak of a disease within a given population where levels are in excess of what you would normally expect.
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Endemic
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a disease that is constantly present in a population
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Pandemic
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global epidemic
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acute disease
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sudden onset, rapid progression, short lived
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Cholera Symptoms
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profuse diarrhea, nausea/vomiting, cramps, dehydration, liquid feces
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Cholera Mortality Rates
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untreated 50% treated 1%
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Infectious Disease Agent (cholera)
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BACTERIA
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Cholera Vibrio
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Cholera bacteria
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Robert Koch
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Officially discovered the cholera bacteria in 1884
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Cholera Mode of Transmission
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Fecal-oral route
waterborne food borne direct contact with bacteria NOT SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED OR BLOOD BORNE |
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Cholera Treatment
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Rehydration
antibiotics not generally used (take too long, $$) vaccines only 50% effective |
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Epidemiology
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the study of the distribution and determinants of disease in human populations and the application of this study to control health.
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Miasma
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foul smells believed to cause disease
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John Snow
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figured out the mode of transmission for cholera in 1854
FIRST epidemiologist ever |
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Broad Street Pump
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John Snow tracked the disease back to the Broad Street Pump during the third cholera pandemic.
Pump closed down |
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The Grand Experiment
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2 water companies
one upriver (unpolluted) one downriver (polluted) Deaths by cholera mapped and they determined that you were 14 times more like to die from cholera if you received water from downriver |
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Sanitation Reform Movement
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act to get rid of things that caused miasmas
Began collecting garbage, renovated sewage systems, cleaned water, outlawed raising animals in cities |
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Method of cholera control
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Sanitation Reform Movement
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7th Pandemic
(cholera) |
1961-present
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Cholera in Latin America
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brought over by person or thing
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El Tor
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biotype
new strand of cholera vibrio doesn't make people quite as sick |
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bilge/ballast water hypothesis
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asian ship discharged cholera infected water into the ocean which then infected people
NOT SUPPORTED NOT ENOUGH EVIDENCE |
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cholera habitat
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low to moderate saline in water (rivers meeting the ocean)
warm tropical parts of the world nutrient rich |
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copepods
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plankton
attach to algal blooms to eat, which helps cholera travel |
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El Nino
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sea water temperatures are 1 degree higher than normal
more rain flooding (more algal blooms) 1991-1995 MORE CHOLERA |
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Cholera and Economic Vulnerability
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Poor and unclean got cholera more often
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Cholera and Stigma
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People were taught that having cholera meant you had bad hygiene and were poor so no one wanted to admit to having cholera.
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Malaria global distribution
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tropical disease
90% of cases in Africa 300-400 million cases per year 3rd most killing infectious disease |
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Malaria Symptoms
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Mild: fever/chills, malaise/headache, vomiting
Cyclical- lasts 10 to 14 days KEY SYMPTOM- feel better, then comes back within 2 to 4 days Severe Malaria involves a major organ |
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plasmodium parasite
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parasite that causes malaria
Four species |
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falciparum
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worst species of parasite that causes malaria
95% of deaths by malaria are caused by this strain of the parasite |
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Vector
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living organism (non-human) carriers of disease that transport and transmit disease.
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Anopheles
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only type of mosquito that can transmit malaria
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Malaria mode of transmission
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vectorborne
Female anopheles mosquitoes |
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Incubation period
(malaria) |
cyclical 10-14 days
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Malaria and acquired immunity
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not a one time disease
no lifetime immunity body DOES get better at fighting off malaria the more times you get it |
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Malaria and changing environments in Sub-Saharan Africa
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because of swidden agriculture, it created a better habitat for the anopheles gambaie mosquito which transmits malaria
Nomadic lifestyle: not constantly exposed to malaria Cutting forests down: right in malaria habitat=more cases |
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A. Gambiae/A. Funestus (malaria)
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A. funestus: like shady rivers banks and swamps in undisturbed forests
A. gambiae: sunny pools and ditches |
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Swidden
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agriculture of cutting down forest and burning them creating ash, which was a good fertilizer
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Natural Selection
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biological variation
some sort of gene variation helps people survive malaria strong genes survive |
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Sickle Cell
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genetic disease
effects production of hemoglobin red blood cells become rigid |
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Hemoglobin
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component of red blood cells that transports oxygen to the blood
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Homozygote
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Normal: do not have sickle cell
GET SEVERE MALARIA For Trait: have sickle cell MILD MALARIA |
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Heterozygote
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one of each trait
No sickle cell GET MILD MALARIA |
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Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran
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first part of discovering malaria
discovered parasite in 1880 RESULTS NOT INITIALLY ACCEPTED |
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Ronald Ross
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Discovered malaria was transmitted through mosquito bites in 1897
Nobel Prize 1902 |
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eradication strategies for malaria
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attack mosquito: remove habitats, larvicides, pesticides
Protection: screens and nets Attack parasite: quinine |
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Larvicide
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chemically kills larvae of mosquitoes that transmit malaria
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DDT
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banned in all developed countries now (used to be legal)
used in 1950's kills grown mosquitoes effective BUT bad for people and really bad for birds |
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Malaria and Resistance
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drug resistance, pesticide resistance, economic development, migration of nonimmunes, sickle cell
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Quinine
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from bark of a tree, bitter
used to attack malaria parasite |
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Chloroquine
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generic quinine
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Agriculture and malaria in South Carolina
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rice farming produced alot of moisture which is the perfect habitat for mosquitoes that transmit malaria
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Cultural adaptations to malaria in S. Carolina
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Rich moved away from S.C. during bad malaria outbreak months
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Biological vulnerability to malaria in south carolina
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blacks did not get as sick as whites
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Yellow fever current distribution
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endemic in Africa and some parts of South America
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Yellow fever infectious agent
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yellow fever VIRUS
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yellow fever mode of transmission
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humans, monkeys, mosquitoes
mosquitoes=carriers of YF but do not get sick |
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Yellow fever mode of transmission
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humans, monkeys, mosquitoes
mosquitoes= carriers but don't get sick |
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Horizontal transmissions
(yellow fever) |
between infected and non-infected organisms
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vertical transmission
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parental (from parent to offspring)
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Yellow fever cycles of infection
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Sylvatic (jungle) yellow fever: endemic in S. America and Africa because of mosquitoes and monkeys being present (not many people fall ill)
Intermediate YF: outbreaks generally in small villages or towns located close to the forest. does not spread from village to village. most common in Africa Urban YF: in cities. someone from village with outbreak goes to city. |
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aedes aegypti
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mosquito that transmits yellow fever
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yellow fever symptoms/phases
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Incubation period 3-6 days
1st stage 3 to 4 days- fever/chills, aches, nausea/vomiting Remission- symptoms go away, feel better 2nd stage- 15-20% of people reach this stage, 3-9 days 30-50% fatality rate Kidney failure, jaundice, hemorrhage |
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Yellow fever immunity
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lifetime immunity
vaccine lasts for 10 years |
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Africanization of the Caribbean
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demographic dominance of people of African descent
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Columbian Exchange
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Columbian exchange- exchange of plants, animals, and people (microbes on them)
messed up equilibrium (before, people lived with diseases) |
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Yellow fever in the New World
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not native to the New World
vector-water barrels/slave ships mosquitoes with YF virus lays eggs in barrels, larvae grow and transmit YF |
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Yellow fever and sugar connection
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people cleared fields to grow sugar cane, mosquitoes like to eat sugar, created a perfect habitat for YF spreading mosquitoes
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Yellow fever and differential mortality
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Africans: low morbidity and mortality
Europeans: higher morbidity and mortality rates African slaves already exposed to YF in Africa= lifetime immunity better to contract YF in childhood |
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Rockefeller Foundation
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wanted to eradicate YF
program set the standard for eradicating disease |
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Carlos Finlay
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first person to start to figure out eradication strategies of YF 1881
first person to discover that mosquitoes spread YF |
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Walter Reed
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proved mosquito theory in 1900
eradicated YF in 1901 (people with YF confined, mosquitoes and larvae controlled) |
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Spanish-American War
(Yellow fever) |
1898
over 4,000 soldiers died from malaria, dysentery, and YF (most) |
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Panama Canal
(yellow fever) |
YF hindered first attempts to build the canal
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Yellow fever eradication strategy
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focused exclusively on mosquito larvae
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Yellow fever seed beds
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?
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political and economic benefits of eradication (yellow fever)
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diplomatic interest for US
mended relationship with Mexico Initially did not like us, but when people started getting sick, government had to pay to keep them up, they realized they needed the United States' help |
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Siege warfare, yellow fever, and the Atlantic
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non immune people invaded new cities and fortresses, contracted yellow fever, lost and died (or the other way around)
immunes faired better in war |
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smallpox transmission
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Airborne
fluids- from sore puss Indirect contact (fomites) |
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Fomite
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an inanimate object that transmits an infectious agent from person to person
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smallpox symptoms
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Fever, headache, body ache, vomiting (feels like bad flu)
Rash in mouth and throat Pustules erupt scabs fall off (contagious until last scab is gone) |
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variolation/inoculation
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Lady Montague (1718)
discovered that by exposing someone to smallpox would create immunity opened pustule, take out puss and deliberately scratch puss into someone else induces mild case of smallpox, gives immunity for life CONTROVERSIAL |
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Edward Jenner
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very important to smallpox
(1796) eradication because he discovered that having cowpox gives immunity to getting smallpox (his milk mades never got smallpox) gave child cowpox to test his theory and it worked |
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cowpox
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gives immunity towards smallpox
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vaccination (smallpox)
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does not produce lifetime immunity
(lasts 5 years) |
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cross-immunity
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where a virus from one disease can protect you from another disease
(cowpox to smallpox) |
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WHO/eradication
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World Health Organization: decided to eradicate small pox in 1967
mapped cases and contained them last case of smallpox in 1977 officially eradicated in 1980 |
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Columbian exchange (smallpox)
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biological exchange between old and new worlds.
1492 massive depopulations Native Americans did not have any experience to smallpox |
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virgin soil epidemic
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introduce a disease into a new population
no acquired immunity (90% mortality rate) |
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smallpox
Aztecs/Incan |
Cortes conquers Aztec Empire because armies fall ill of smallpox
Pizarro takes over Incan empire because Cuzco is taken over by smallpox and war between the dead-emperors two sons |
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uses of smallpox in the Revolutionary War
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Europeans gave blankets and handkerchiefs to Native Americans which were infected with smallpox because they would not retreat at Fort Pitt.
Dipped arrows in smallpox puss leaving bodies of smallpox victims along war roads |
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smallpox as a bioweapon
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easy to start and epidemic
spread fast high death rate easy to deny |
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revolutionary war, codes of conduct, smallpox
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was accepted to use against savage-like populations
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